Overall Conclusion and Discussion

Since bond graphs were devised by Professor Paynter [1] more than five decades ago, they have been mostly used for the development of continuous time models of multidisciplinary engineering systems in order to study the dynamic behaviour of a system. In addition, intensive research has been carried out and various approaches have been proposed how to account for the abstraction of discontinuities in a bond graph framework and how to extend bond graph methodology to systems suitably described by a hybrid model. More recently, bond graphs have also been used for model-based FDI of systems described by a continuous time model. So far, none of the reported approaches has attained common usage. 

This book shows that standard bond graph modelling can also support model-based 

If the abstraction of instantaneous state transitions is adopted then a switching device such as a mechanical clutch causes a change in the model stmcture. As a result, storage elements may become dependent. That is, the number of state variables become mode-dependent. One approach to this problem is to detect discrete system mode changes while simulating the dynamic system behaviour, to use a different mathematical model for the dynamics in each mode and to re-initialise numerical integration at the event of a discrete mode change when necessary. In order to keep 

Borutzky, Bond Graph Model-based Fault Diagnosis of Hybrid Systems, 

With regard to a simulation of the dynamic behaviour of a system represented by a hybrid model, this approach offers the following advantages. 

---

Finally in Chapter 8, all conclusions made during the research will be discussed in respect to the overall scope and research questions posed in this thesis. From this discussion general conclusions about the research performed in this thesis will be made. The research objective and research questions will be listed to check if the objective is achieved and if the questions can be answered completely and correctly. Finally, any additional questions arising from this research will suggest the scope of future research. 

This review aims at giving an overview of the NMR applications in meat science. This may be an idealistic scope, as meat science is not a strictly delimited area. In studies of the conversion of muscle to meat, initialised early post mortem, the limits to in vivo muscle physiology are vague, and therefore the differentiation of which studies belong to which discipline is subjective, and consequently studies have been included where we found it natural. Overall, the review attempts to demonstrate and discuss the different NMR methodologies (relaxometry, imaging, spectroscopy) and their potential applications within meat science based on the existing literature. In the end, conclusions will be drawn, and future perspectives are considered. 

The following three sections present different model applications to analyse the impacts of hydrogen to the economies using the scenarios described in Section 18.3. In Section 18.4 employment effects for ten European countries will be exemplarily analysed with an input-output model. In Section 18.5, GDP effects for different European countries will be analysed with a general equilibrium model. Section 18.6 presents a system dynamic model, which deals with GDP and employment effects. Section 18.7 summarises the different model approaches, presents and discusses the results, and draws overall economic conclusions. 

The next areas to be discussed are the effects of equal versus unequal frequencies for the two parabolas (Fig. 15b), and those of mode type and number (i.e., abandonment of the SCC model). The overall conclusion is that these factors do not greatly change the qualitative results obtained by the SCC model with equal frequencies. However, depending on the parameters, there can be appreciable quantitative differences. A review of specific papers follows. 

To this end, we review the physics of high temperature fused salts and draw on observations made in these systems to understand the microscopic structure of ionic liquids. We also review some physics of glass-forming liquids, focusing on concepts necessary to understand structural and dynamic inhomogeneity in ILs. We provide a broad review of attempts to characterize ILs empirically, and discuss those results with reference to simulation and theoretical studies. The overall objective of this study is to develop a conceptual toolbox that can be used to interpret experimental results in ILs and help identify useful new questions for the field. To this end, we present a series of principles describing the nature of solvation in ionic liquids at the conclusion of this chapter. 

The next section is a summary of the bioavailability/pharmacokinetic data and the overall conclusions. The summary should include a table with the following pharmacokinetic parameters peak concentration (Cmax), AUC, time to reach peak concentration (Tmax), elimination constant (kel), distribution volume (Vd), plasma and renal clearance, and urinary excretion. Overall conclusions as well as any unresolved problems should be discussed. 

In the next sections the identified uncertainties are briefly summarized. First uncertainties in exposure assessment are presented and discussed, second we turn to the uncertainties in the hazard assessment part of the risk assessment, third uncertainties pertaining to the overall conclusions are analysed. Finally we describe how the risk assessors have proposed to deal with these uncertainties. 

An extended-release formulation of oxybutynin has been compared with an immediate-release formulation it had similar efficacy but fewer adverse effects (8). The overall conclusion of an unsystematic review was that, as expected, dry mouth is very common it occurred in about two-thirds of those taking the extended-release formulation (up to a dose of 30 mg/day) and in nearly 90% of those who took the immediate-release formulation. In about 25% of those who took the extended-release formulation the dry mouth was classified as severe, compared with nearly 50% of those who took the immediate-release formulation. Other adverse effects were very uncommon and significant toxicity was not reported. In total the two comparative trials involved 331 patients, and an open study of 256 patients was also discussed. 

The overall conclusion is that the present problem is not solved the main culprit is a lack of information on the submicroseopic properties of the solid surface, and the real world is very mueh more complex than discussed so far think of the influences of the line tension (which intermingles in a complicated fashion with surface roughness and heterogeneity) and surfactants (which may lead to continuing changes even after the application of a force has been stopped). 

Low levels of D-limonene in the diet have not been reported to cause adverse effects in humans. D-Limonene can be a dermal sensitizer (see above for discussion about D-limonene oxidation products) however, an 8% solution of D-limonene in petrolatum did not cause an allergic skin response in any of 25 volunteers tested. D-limonene is also a recommended quencher in that it can decrease the sensitizing effect of cinnamic aldehyde when used at a 1 1 ratio with cinnamic aldehyde (International Fragrance Association, that is, IFRA, guidelines developed and used by the fragrance and consumer product industries). There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of D-limonene, and the overall conclusion by experts is that, as discussed above, D-limonene produces renal tubular tumors in male rats by a non-DNA reactive a-2-globulin-asso-ciated response. Therefore, the mechanism by which D-limonene increased the incidence of renal tubular tumors in male rats is not relevant to humans. 

A team of PwC professionals with experience in sustainability and the chemical industry reviewed the survey results and consulted with a panel of experts and practitioners from the industry for their perspective on what the raw numbers and responses indicated. We then developed our preliminary findings. We also identified additional issues where more structured discussion might elicit further insights and conducted two focus groups to better understand some of the findings and validate our overall conclusions. 

An extensive study of solutions of aluminium(in) chloride in liquid phosgene (in which it is extremely soluble) by Germann and coworkers [735-741,743,745,746] (which is discussed in more detail in Chapter 11) came to the overall conclusion that phosgene exhibits a seif-ionization, equation (9.1), and that 2AICI3.COCIJ, say, would best be described as [CO][Al2Clg]. These conclusions, even allowing for the more reasonable self-ionization... 

A Risks and Benefits Conclusions subsection is to integrate all the conclusions reached in the other subsections of the Clinical Overview and to provide an overall assessment of the risks and benefits of the use of a drag product in clinical practice. Also, the implications of any deviations from regulatory advice, regulations, or guidelines and any important limitations in the available data are to be discussed. An analysis of risks and benefits is expected to be quite brief but should identify the most important conclusions and issues concerning... 

Adsorption studies which have been conducted on the group VIII elements using other techniques will then be reviewed in a systematic sequence. This will be followed by the CO adsorption properties of the remainder of the transition metals. In all these sections, a comparison between the results being described and those previously discussed for the tungsten system will be made wherever possible. Finally, any overall conclusions that emerge for CO adsorption will be indicated. 

A variety of other molecules similar to those discussed in this chapter have been recently reviewed in Ref. 52. The general pathways for filling of vibrational states that are discussed in that article conform well to those discussed here. V-T and V-R effects in CHjF and the other methyl halides are discussed in detail with the same overall conclusion in general V-T and V-R effects must both be taken into account, preferably in a generalized theory that has the dynamics of both effects included at a fundamental level. The results of the theoretical treatments based on the aforementioned principle are encouraging. ... 

The role of the various functional groups in the overall adsorption behavior was considered and discussed. One of the main conclusions of these studies is that the overall adsorption behavior of a molecule is a result of the effects exerted by the different functional groups. 

J. Vukic J. Watt, 1998b. The FLAME project General discussion and overall conclusions. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 106 329-351. 

---