Bond graph model

The whole micropump is described in a bond graph model [43]. The pump is driven by a (square-wave) heat source. Simulation results of the pump actuation as well as the pump rate based on this model are given in Figs 22 and 23... 

D.M. Auslander, G.F. Osten, A. Perelson, G. Kliford, On Systems with Coupled Chemical Reactions and Diffusions. Bond Graph Modeling for Engineering Systems, eds. D, Karnopp and R. Rosenberg. New York. USA. 

CouenneE, Jallut C, Maschke B, Breedveld P, Tayakout M (2006) Bond graph modeling for chemical reactors. Math Comp Model Dynam Syst 12 159-174... 

Franco AA, Jallut C, Maschke B (2006) Multi-scale bond graph model of the electrochemical dynamics in a fuel cell. In Troch I, Breitenecker F (eds) Proceeding 5th Mathmod conference, Vienna P103... 

W. Borutzky, Bond Graph Model-based Fault Diagnosis of Hybrid Systems,... 

Beyond model development for the purpose of analysis and simulation of the dynamic or the frequency domain behaviour, bond graphs have also proven useful as a tool for model-based FDI in engineering systems represented by continuous time models. Only recently, bond graph model-based FDI has also been used for systems described by a hybrid model. Following common terminology a system will be called a hybrid system for short if its dynamic behaviour is appropriately described by a hybrid model. In Chap. 2.1 of [1] Kowalewski rightly remarks ... 

Finally, with regard to condition based maintenance (CBM) of engineering systems it is important to detect the initiation of incipient faults, to assess the current health of a system and to predict the remaining useful life (RUL) of a component that has become faulty. As bond graph modelling enables the systematic generation of ARRs for FDI, it can also support failure prognosis. 

The next section briefly consideres different types of faults and possible causes for them before a brief survey of fault detection methods is given. The purpose of the overview is to classify quantitative bond graph model-based FDI in the context of fault detection methods. 

Chapter4 presents bond graph model-based quantitative FDI for hybrid systems. As the approach uses ARRs and their residuals as fault indicators, the generation of... 

In Chap. 8, fault scenarios in small switched power electronic systems are studied for illustration. The bond graph model-based approach to FDI in hybrid systems is, however, not limited to this kind of systems. 

The book concludes with a discussion of the presented bond graph model-based quantitative approach to FDI in hybrid systems and recommends as a possible topic for further research the use of bond graph modelling in fault tolerant control of hybrid systems. 

The healthy system is described by the matrices A, B, C, D. Their coefficients are nonlinear functions of the nominal system parameters On- Note that the entries of the system matrices remain fixed in the case of additive faults. In bond graph models, additive faults may be captured by modulated sources (cf. Fig. 5.15). 

In Fig. 1.3, the real system includes actuators and sensors. The ARRs have been obtained from a model of the system that may include models of sensors and acmators depending on whether possible faults in these components are considered or not. In the FDI block, ARR residuals are used to detect and to isolate faults. As known inputs and measurements from the real system are inputs into the ARRs, their evaluation must take place in real-time. The ARRs, however, can be generated off-line by deducing them from a so-called diagnostic bond graph model as indicated in Fig. 1.4. 

Bond Graph Model-Based Fault Detection Methods... 

Kam, C. S., Dauphin-Tanguy, G. (2005). Bond graph models of structured parameter uncertainties. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 342(4), 379-399. 

Fig. 2.7 Bond graph model of an electrical diode using an ideal switch S w and a causality resistor R / 2- a Ideal switch closed, b Ideal switch open...

Fig. 2.12 Bond graph representation of a non-ideal switch, a Piecewise linear approximation of the characteristic of a diode, b Bond graph model of a switching device with R Ron in fixed conductance causality...

In this book, the bond graph representation of a non-ideal switch proposed by Ducreux et al. as early as 1993 is used in a bond graph model-based approach to FDI in hybrid systems. This approach offers the following advantages. 

Semiconductor switches in power electronic inverters are commonly made up of a transistor together with a diode in anti-paraUel connection as depicted in Fig. 2.13a for a bipolar transistor to provide a path for an inductive load current when conducting switches are turned off and thus to avoid damage of the transistors in an inverter. MOSFET transistors have a built-in diode. Figure2.13b shows a bond graph model of such a transistor-diode pair. 

Fig. 2.14 Bond graph model of a non-ideal switch denoted as a component model Sw m...

Fig. 2.16 Partitioning of a bond graph model into fields...

If it is assumed that the system under consideration can be described by a linear time-invariant model for the time spans between two discrete switching events then, starting from the partitioning of a bond graph model into fields as displayed in Fig. 2.16, a DAE system in the form... 

Bond Graph Models and Discrete Event Simulation... 

In this book, a bond graph representation of hybrid system models is chosen as basis for bond graph model-based EDI in Chap. 4. The representation is system mode independent with regard to computational causalities and allows for deriving a set of... 

Bomtzky, W. (2009). Bond graph model-based fault detection using residual sinks. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part I Journal of Systems and Control Engineering, 223(3), 337-352. 

Buisson, J.,Cormerais,H., Richard, P. Y. (2002). Analysis ofthe bond graph model of hybrid physical systems with ideal switches. Proceedings of the Institution cf Mechanical Engineers Part I Systems and Control Engineering, 216 ), 47-63. 

Mosterman, P. J. (1997). Hybrid dynamic systems a hybrid bond graph modeling paradigm and its application in diagnosis. Ph.D. Thesis. Nashville Vanderbilt University, van der Schaft, A. J., Schuhmacher, H. (2000). An introduction to hybrid dynamical systems. No. 251 in Lecture Notes in Control and Information Sciences. London Springer. 

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