Structure understanding

In this review recent theoretical developments which enable quantitative measures of molecular orientation in polymers to be obtained from infra-red and Raman spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance have been discussed in some detail. Although this is clearly a subject of some complexity, it has been possible to show that the systematic application of these techniques to polyethylene terephthalate and polytetramethylene terephthalate can provide unique information of considerable value. This information can be used on the one hand to gain an understanding of the mechanisms of deformation, and on the other to provide a structural understanding of physical properties, especially mechanical properties. 

Structural Understanding of ATRP Active Copper Complexes. 227... 

The example above shows that heterogeneous catalysts are multifunctional materials not at the nanometer but even at the atomic scale. A detailed structural understanding is a prerequisite for a targeted development of these eatalysts. This would be impossible without the help of modem TEM techniques. It can be expeeted, that the next generation of TEM instmments with Cs-corrected eondensor- and objective lenses in combination with high resolution energy electron loss spectrometers ean reveal stmetural and chemical details of eatalysts even at the atomie seale [10,11]. 

Aminoglycosides remain clinically important antibiotics. NMR provided the initial breakthrough in structural understanding of aminoglycoside action on the ribosome, and it remains a powerful tool for the biophysical characterization of drug-RNA interaction. The combined use of NMR, X-ray crystallography, thermodynamic and functional assays, and computational methods is needed to drive forward the development of new aminoglycosides with improved clinical properties. The rich data described above, combined with the application of new synthetic methods, bode well for the future. 

Fang G, Javier M-R, Zhigang P, Colan EH, Kenneth DMH (2008) Direct structural understanding of a topochemical solid state photopolymerization reaction. J Phys Chem C 112 19793-19796... 

For many molecular materials, crystallization from solution does not yield single crystals of suitable size and quality for single-crystal XRD, and instead produces only microcrystalline powders. In such cases, structure determination from powder XRD data provides a viable route for establishing structural understanding of the resultant materials. 

P. A. Temussi, L. Masino, A. Pastore (2003). From Alzheimer to Huntington Why is a structural understanding so difficult EMBO J. 22 355-361. 

Fernandez-Murga, M.L. Ramon-Maiques, S. Gil-Ortiz, R Fita, L Rubio, V Towards structural understanding of feedback control of arginine biosynth-... 

At the present time much effort is being devoted to tailor-making of new nanomaterials with specific catalytic properties. In this quest for constantly decreasing the dimensions of the catalytically active components, one will unavoidably encounter materials that will be partly or completely X-ray amorphous. The present review has shown that the combined EXAFS/ XRD techniques are uniquely well suited for providing the necessary structural understanding. Thus, in view of the trend in catalyst technologies and advances in technique developments, the application of the combined techniques will no doubt play an increasing role in future catalyst characterization efforts. We now briefly discuss some likely applications and technique developments which involve the X-ray techniques discussed presently. 

Shah, P. K., and Sowdhamini, R. (2001). Structural Understanding of the Transmembrane Domains of Inositol Triphosphate Receptors and Ryanodine Receptors Towards Calcium Channeling. Protein Eng 14(11) 867-74. 

SOURCE Reprinted from Tycko, R. 2004. Progress towards a molecular-level structural understanding of amyloid fibrils. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 14 96-103. Copyright 2004, with permission from Elsevier. 

Since amphiphilic polymers contain monomeric units having hydropho-bic/hydrophilic character, they can exhibit conformational transitions induced by temperature, solvent composition, or pH variation [96]. Because of the presence of the two opposing interactions towards the solvent in which they are immersed, amphiphiles can self-assemble, forming a variety of supramolecular structures. Understanding the physics of self-association... 

Boroditsky, L. (2000). Metaphoric structuring understanding time through spatial metaphors. Cognition, 75, 1-27. 

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