Additional Issues

In Section II we have seen that hydroxide activation is a complex process that is noticeably influenced by numerous variables. If these variables are known, and are controlled, this activation process is very reproducible, giving higher carbon yields than other activation processes (usually in the range of 50-80 wt%). In addition, the control of these variables will allow us to select the desired AC features for a given application. Thus, we can develop AC with different mechanical properties, packing densities, ash contents, micropore volumes, apparent surface 

FIGURE 1.18 Apparent BET surface area corresponding to selected ACs prepared by KOH activation of an anthracite under different experimental conditions. 

As discussed in Section II, ACs with well-developed porosity can be prepared by activation with alkaline hydroxides by changing the experimental conditions. However, from an application point of view, the precise tailoring of porosity (not only pore volume and surface area but also pore size distribution) is the most important aspect of the carbon activation process. Thus, in the present section we will emphasize the type of microporosity that can be developed during hydroxide 

FIGURE 1.19 Photograph of activated carbon monoliths with different dimensions prepared from a KOH-activated carbon using a commercial binder. 

To emphasize the advantage of chemical activation in producing ACs with narrow MPSDs, results obtained with chemical and physical activation are compared next. A comparison of the pore size distribution (PSD) developed during hydroxide activation (KOH and NaOH) with physical activation of carbon 

---

There are a number of other technical details associated with HF and other ah initio methods that are discussed in other chapters. Basis sets and basis set superposition error are discussed in more detail in Chapters 10 and 28. For open-shell systems, additional issues exist spin polarization, symmetry breaking, and spin contamination. These are discussed in Chapter 27. Size-consistency and size-extensivity are discussed in Chapter 26. 

An additional issue in fiber strength is that of fatigue (22), which can produce delayed failure of a fiber. Fatigue is thought to be caused by a surface reaction of fiber and OH causing the growth of subcritical flaws to the point where fracture occurs. 

Dividends can be paid either as cash or in the form of an additional issue of stock. A stock split is really a stock dividend, and both are used to reduce the price of stock when management considers that it is too high. A stock dividend is essentially a transfer of retained earnings to the common-stock account and makes the amount transferred unavailable for future dividends. A stock dividend may be used in place of a cash dividend when a company is short of cash. 

There are, however, additional issues when one wants to perform the LES of an industrial device, and these are to be solved if the LES methodology is ever to be a useful tool. First, the geometric intricacy of most industrial combustion chambers cannot be represented with a Cartesian mesh high-order methods on unstructured grids must be developed. Moreover, many issues about the boundary conditions are raised, such as boundary movement for blades or pistons, turbulence injection, and acoustic properties. Such challenges are not to be underestimated, as their impact on the structure of the flow might sometimes be greater than that of the turbulence model. 

Complex manufacturing systems, such as an unbleached Kraft pulp plant (Fig. 9), are almost always characterized by some type of internal structure, composed of a number of interconnected subsystems with their own data collection and decisionmaking responsibilities. This raises a number of additional issues, not addressed in previous sections. For instance, if the learning methodology described in Section VI is applied to the digester module of a pulp plant (Fig. 9), it is possible for the final selected solution, to include ranges of desired values of sulfidity... 

The stability of scarred states to external noise and other environmental disturbances was the next natural issue that was raised and partially addressed earlier (L. Sirko, et.al., 1993 R. Scharf, et.al., 1994). The main conclusion was that scarred states are quite robust to reasonable levels of noise. This question took on added relevance with the coming of age of mesoscopic systems where, be it spontaneous emission in atom optics or leads or scattering and other forms of dissipation in heterostructures, the open nature of the system must be accounted for. These new experiments also provided non-ideal realizations of simple theoretical paradigms such as stadium billiards and the kicked rotor, with additional issues that had to be accounted for in the theory. 

The additional issue for PEM is the minimization of steam needed for the fuel processor system. Since an APU is a mobile and/or remote unit, the need for external sources of water should be minimized. The reformate stream is further diluted by additional steam, if that water is not removed prior to the fuel cell stack. 

Additional issues of air and thermal pollution for electric power generation are addressed in detail by Wisconsin Public Service Commission [9]. 

Authors have stressed the importance of LCAs for comparing environmental and energy impacts, outlined the difficulties encountered in conducting such assessments, and provided examples of past LCAs. They addressed additional issues and also examined the usefulness of LCAs in formulating public policy. When a given pollutant arises at multiple sites, life-cycle impact analysis is often replaced by life-cycle inventory analysis (Graedel et al., 1995). 

An additional issue that seems obvious but that is frequently overlooked in installations is to ensure that the sampling line is not in a position to sample the aircraft engine exhaust or heater fumes and is not directly behind the propeller envelope. The sampling inlet should also be placed sufficiently far from the fuselage so that it is in the free airstream and not within the boundary layer of the aircraft. 

As has already been acknowledged, classifying a reaction mechanism as inner sphere only advances us part way to the goal of defining the nature of the activated complex. In this section the most thoroughly studied reaction of the inner-sphere class is chosen for description and discussion so as to indicate some of the additional issues which can profitably be addressed. 

An additional issue of regiocontrol arises in asymmetric induction when the n-allyl complex possesses a primary terminus. Although steric factors favor the formation of the achiral linear product, alkylations with reactive nucleophiles often benefit from electronic effects leading to the branched product [ 147,148]. Of particular interest is the reaction of the crotyl system because... 

Even though use of cosolvents has its advantages in parenteral formulation, their use also brings up some additional issues that need to be addressed by the formulator. 

While there are a number of factors driving the implementation of PAT in pharmaceutical development and manufacture, it can also be said that there are a number of barriers. The magnitude of these barriers is profoundly affected by the organizational culture within each pharmaceutical manufacturer, and frequently across sites within a single company. Several of these cultural issues have been spelled out in the literature,14 5 and there are additional issues related to the absence of infrastructure (both physical and human). A number of the potential impediments are cited here to provide context for those unfamiliar with the area. 

Again, Medicare Part D has added an additional issue to an already complex topic. While some of the problems have been improved, the difficulties for independent community pharmacy still remain (Chi and Paul, 2006). The issues of prompt payment and reimbursement rates will continue to contribute to an already complex and stressful environment, keeping everyone s focus on the continued evolution of the Medicare Part D program. 

Alkanethiols have additional issues, including the fact that they tend to smell pretty awful. 

One of the additional issues that arises in considering these curves and relationships is that attention has been largely devoted in the research literature to the negative dimensions of tourist-tourist contact, or in terms of Figure 5.2 the lower values on the y-axes. The more positive and even the neutral outcomes reported, for example, in Table 5.1 have received less scrutiny. 

---