Ovarian effects

Punzo, F. 1993. Ovarian effects of a sublethal concentration of mercuric chloride in the river frog, Rana heckscheri (Anura Ranidae). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 50 385-391. 

Studies of reproductive and teratogenic effects of OPPs on humans are few. Gordon et al. (1981) found stronger correlations of cleft lip and palate malformations for insecticides and/or herbicides than for all other agrichemicals combined. The post mortem examination of women s ovaries following acute intoxication revealed adverse ovarian effects from parathion and both infertility and menstrual disturbances were observed in female applicators of OPPs. Also, women from fruit growing areas exposed to OPPs experienced earlier menopause, infertility and other functional irregularities—e.g., in the liver and nervous system and in bile production. 

Cataldo NA, Abbasi F, Mclaughlin TL, et al. Metabohe and ovarian effects of rosightazone treatment for 12 weeks in insuhn-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Repro 2006 1 109-120. 

Searle A, Beechey C, Green D, et al. 1982. Dominant lethal and ovarian effects of plutonium-239 in female mice. Int J Radiat Biol 42 235-244. 

Uracil is used more effectively, in nucleic acid synthesis within a rat hepatoma than in normal liver. This observation appears to have stimulated the synthesis of 5-fluorouracil (1027) as an antimetabolite mainly because the introduction of a fluorine atom involves a minimal increase in size. In the event, 5-fluorouracil did prove to have antineoplastic activity and it is now a valuable drug for treatment of tumors of the breast, colon or rectum, and to a lesser extent, gastric, hepatic, pancreatic, uterine, ovarian and bladder carcinomas. As with other drugs which interfere with DNA synthesis, the therapeutic index is quite low and great care is required during treatment (69MI21301). 

The different furanones 104 were tested for their potency as inhibitors of PGE2 production both in transfected Chinese hamster ovarian (CHO) cells expressing human COX-2 and in human whole blood. Compound 104r proved to be an orally active and selective COX-2 inhibitor that is devoid of the ulcerogenic effect at >100 times the dose for antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects (99BMC3187). 

Thus, our attention should shift from the concern of potential adverse effects to the health benefits imparted by hormonal contraceptives. The use of oral contraceptives for at least 12 months reduces the risk of developing endometrial cancer by 50%. Furthermore, the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in users of oral contraceptives is reduced by 40% compared with that on nonusers. This kind of protection is already seen after as little as 3-6 months of use. Oral contraceptives also decrease the incidence of ovarian cysts and fibrocystic breast disease. They reduce menstrual blood loss and thus the incidence of iron-deficiency anemia. A decreased incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancies has been reported as well as an ameliorating effect on the clinical course of endometriosis. 

ET-1 also stimulates anti-apoptotic signal cascades in fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscles and endothelial cells (via phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and Akt/pro-tein kinase B). In prostate and ovarian cancer, upregulation of endothelin synthesis and ETA receptors has been associated with a progression of the disease. The inhibiton of ETA receptors results in a reduced tumour growth. In malignant melanoma, ETB receptors are associated with tumour progression. Endothelins can also stimulate apoptosis in stretch-activated vessels via the ETB receptor, which contrasts the above-mentioned effects. The molecular basis for these differential anti- and pro-apoptotic reactions mediated by endothelins remains elusive. 

As endothelins mediate potent vasoconstrictor effects, ECE inhibitors and endothelin receptor antagonists were developed for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, such as acute and chronic heart failure, pulmonary hypertension and subarachnoid haemorrhage. As ETa recqrtors have potent mitogenic responses and may promote progression of ovarian and prostate cancer and bone metastases ETA receptors are also considered as a potential targets for anti-tumour activity. 

Although the positive effects of ERT have been well established, it has been shown that the cell proliferative actions of estrogen can increase the incidence of breast cancer in some patients. In addition, duration of exposure to physiological levels of unopposed estrogens is an established risk factor for breast, uterine, and ovarian cancer. In an effort to attain pharmaceutical agents that oppose the carcinogenic... 

Progesterone is secreted by the corpus luteum, placenta, and in small amounts by the adrenal cortex. Progesterone and its derivatives (ie, the progestins) transform the proliferative endometrium into a secretory endometrium. Progestins are necessary for the development of the placenta and inhibit the secretion of pituitary gonadotropins, which in turn prevents maturation of the ovarian follicle and ovulation. The synthetic progestins are usually preferred for medical use because of the decreased effectiveness of progesterone when administered orally. 

Asmathbanu I, Kaliwal BB. 1997. Temporal effect of methyl parathion on ovarian compensatory hypertrophy, follicular dynamics and estrous cycle in hemicastrated albino rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 8 237-254. 

Bhide M, Modi S. 1993. Effect of methyl parathion on the ovarian histopathology and on behavioral changes in albino rats. J Environ Biol 14 211-219. 

Certain drugs bind to microtubules and thus interfere with their assembly or disassembly. These include colchicine (used for treatment of acute gouty arthritis), vinblastine (a vinca alkaloid used for treating certain types of cancer), paclitaxel (Taxol) (effective against ovarian cancer), and griseoflilvin (an antifungal agent). 

ARJMANDI B H, BIRNBAUM R S, GOYAL N V, GETLINGE M J, JUMA S, ALEKEL D L, HASLER C M, DRUM M L, HOLLIS B w and KUKREJA s c (1998a), Bone-sparing effect of soy protein in ovarian hormone-deficient rats is related to its isoflavone content. Am J Clin Nutr. 68,1364S-68S. 

The water-soluble compound 36b, very stable within a physiological buffer at 37 ° C, exhibits cytotoxic effects on ovarian A2780 human cancer cells and promotes apoptosis to a greater extent than platinum drugs [103]. 

As noted above, many of the AEDs induce hepatic microsomal enzyme systems and thus reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives. Women taking AEDs that may reduce the effectiveness of hormonal contraceptives should be encouraged to also use other forms of birth control. Due to induction or inhibition of sex hormone metabolism and changes in binding of hormones to sex hormone binding globulin, some AEDs may reduce fertility. For example, valproate has been associated with a drug-induced polycystic ovarian syndrome. Women who experience difficulties with fertility should seek the advice of health care professionals with expertise in fertility. 

There are potential side effects of IUD use. The most common adverse effects are cramping, abnormal uterine bleeding, and expulsion of the device. Other side effects seen are ectopic pregnancy, sepsis, PID, embedment of the device, uterine or cervical perforation, and ovarian cysts.40,41... 

Topotecan inhibits topoisomerase I to cause single-strand breaks in DNA. The pharmacokinetics of topotecan can be described by a two-compartment model, with a terminal half-life of 80 to 180 minutes, with renal clearance accounting for approximately 70% of the clearance.19 Topotecan has shown clinical activity in the treatment of ovarian and lung cancer, myelodysplastic syndromes, and acute myelogenous leukemia. The intravenous infusion may be daily for 5 days or once weekly. Side effects include myelosuppression, mucositis, and diarrhea. 

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