Estrous cycle

Circulating concentrations of prolactin are low and relatively constant throughout the 4-5 days of the estrous cycle in the female rat, but during the afternoon of proestrus there is a 

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Asmathbanu I, Kaliwal BB. 1997. Temporal effect of methyl parathion on ovarian compensatory hypertrophy, follicular dynamics and estrous cycle in hemicastrated albino rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 8 237-254. 

Sortur SM, Kaliwal BB. 1999. Effect of methyl parathion formulation on estrous cycle and reproductive performance in albino rats. Indian J Exp Biol 37 176-178. 

Loss of proceptive behaviour also follows VN-x in female rats, in which the receptive posture (lordosis) is almost abolished (Saito and Moltz, 1986). Estrous cycles with receptivity were still maintained, since males given extended access to VN-x females inseminate them successfully. 

Barkley M., DeLeon D. and Weste R. (1993). Pheromonal regulation of the mouse estrous cycle by a heterogenotypic male. J Exp Zool 265, 558-566. 

Gangrade B. and Dominic C. (1985). Evaluation of the involvement of the vomeronasal organ in the pheromonal influences on the estrous cycle of the laboratory mouse. Anim Reprod Sci 8, 181-185. 

F (decreased mating and fertility indices, abnormal estrous cycle, decreased uterine weight)... 

One of the consequences of this rapid increase in protein synthetic capacity in VMN neurons is that E increases the number of spines on dendrites and increases the density of synapses in the VMN. These events occur cyclically during the estrous cycle of the female rat. Dots indicate presynaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter. 

Childs GV, Unabia G, Komak S (2001) Differential expression of estradiol receptors alpha and beta by gonadotrophs during the estrous cycle. J Histochem Cytochem 49 665-666... 

Tdbar M, Ruiz A, Sanchez-Criado JE (1998) Involvement of estrogen and follicle-stimulating hormone on basal and luteinizing hormone (LH)-releasing hormone-stimulated LH secretion in RU486-induced 3-day estrous cycle in the rat. Biol Reprod 58 615-619... 

Our recent NSF-funded collaboration with Bets has yielded, for example, the first statistically significant evidence that male African elephants can distinguish conspecific female urine collected at the time of ovulation from urine obtained at the mid-luteal time of the estrous cycle (Bagley, Goodwin, Rasmussen and Schulte 2006). Additionally, we have published the first report of insect pheromones in the urine of female African elephants (Goodwin, Eggert, House, Weddell, Schulte and Rasmussen 2006). These findings bode well for the eventual discovery of the first African elephant pheromones. 

Takahashi, L. K. and Gladstone, C. D. (1988) Medial amygdaloid lesions and the regulation of sociosexual behavioral patterns across the estrous cycle in female golden hamsters. Behav. Neurosci. 102, 268-75. 

Takahashi, L. K. and Lisk, R. D. (1983) Organization and expression of agonistic and socio-sexual behavior in golden hamsters over the estrous cycle and after ovariectomy. Physiol. Behav. 31, 477-82. 

The voles used in these experiments were housed singly for three-four weeks before being used as a scent donor or subject. Meadow voles born and reared under a long photoperiod reach sexual maturity by 50 d old (Nadeau 1985), and are sexually receptive and readily mate with sexually receptive opposite-sex conspecifics (delBarco-Trillo and Ferkin 2004 Pierce, Ferkin and Williams 2005). Male and female subjects and scent donors were sexually naive and not familiar with one another. Female voles do not undergo estrous cycles, rather they are induced into estrous and ovulation (Keller 1985). 

Rodriguez de Fonseca F, Cebeira M, Ramos JA, Martin M, Fernandez-Ruiz JJ. (1994). Cannabinoid receptors in rat brain areas sexual differences, fluctuations during estrous cycle, and changes after gonadectomy and sex steroid replacement. Life Sci. 54(3) 159-70. 

Robinson DL, Brunner LJ, Gonzales RA. 2002. Effect of gender and estrous cycle on the pharmacokinetics of ethanol in the rat brain. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26(2) 165-172. 

Dluzen DE, Anderson LI (1997) Estrogen differentially modulates nicotine-evoked dopamine release from the striatum of male and female rats. Neurosci Lett 230(2) 140-142 Dluzen DE, Ramirez VD (1990) In vitro progesterone modulation of amphetamine-stimulated dopamine release from the corpus striatum of ovariectomized estrogen-treated female rats response characteristics. Brain Res 517(1-2) 117-122 Donny EC, Caggiula AR, et al (2000) Nicotine self-administration in rats estrous cycle effects, sex differences and nicotinic receptor binding. Psychopharmacology 151(4) 392-405... 

Xiao L, Becker JB (1994) Quantitative microdialysis determination of extracellular striatal dopamine concentration in male and female rats effects of estrous cycle and gonadectomy. Neurosci Lett 180(2) 155-158... 

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