Other Raw Materials

The formulation of coatings must be matched to the required property profile in terms of the resin/hardener system as well as the additives which influence the rheology, flow, deaeration, mechanical and chemical properties, resistance to yellowing and film colour. 

Hardeners. The polymerisation reaction is initiated by peroxide radicals. Typical examples are cyclohexanone peroxide and methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (hydroperoxides), benzoyl peroxide, perbenzoates and peroctoates (acyl peroxides). It is standard to use around 4 % (calculated on the resin and styrene content) of a desensitised supply form (e.g. 50% peroxide in flexibiliser). The manufacturer s instructions are to be observed in handling peroxides. 

Accelerators. To allow the degradation of the peroxides at room temperature, the activation energy must be reduced. This is done by adding accelerators. Hydroperoxides are cleaved by heavy metal salts and acyl peroxides by tertiary aromatic amines. Up to 2% of the latter are added by the manufacturers to resins for fillers. These are known as amine-accelerated UP resins. It is common to add 0.02-0.05% cobalt (calculated as cobalt metal) in the form of cobalt naphthenate or cobalt octoate dissolved in aromatics (not white spirit) to the systems hardened with hydroperoxides. The accelerator should only be added shortly before application for reasons of storage stability and drift. 

Promoters. Substances such as acetyl acetone, ethyl acetoacetate, amides of ace-toacetic acid [2.107], acetyl cyclopentanone [2.108] or tertiary aromatic amines have an accelerating effect on the curing reaction initiated by the hydroperoxide/cobalt octoate. Ethyl acetoacetate is most frequently used. The amount added is 1-3%, calculated on the resin supply form. 

Photoinitiators. Derivatives of benzoin and benzil are added in amounts of 1-3% as photoinitiators in UV-curing systems. These have differing effectiveness in the UP systems [2.99], Special initiators are available for pigmented systems. The UV light splits them into radicals which in turn initiate polymerisation. The UV radiation is generated using superactinic fluorescent lamps and/or high-pressure mercury vapour lamps [2.109]. 

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Tetrahydrofuran (3) is produced commercially from furfural by decarbonylation followed by hydrogenation it is also produced by several different methods from other raw materials. A complete discussion of tetrahydrofuran is found under Ethers. Polymers of tetrahydrofuran are covered under the general topic. Polyethers. Several other compounds containing the tetrahydrofuran ring, which are most readily produced from furfural, are discussed here. 

In detergent perfumes, the stabiUty of vanillin is not always certain. It depends on the association made with other raw materials, eg, with patchouli, frankincense, cloves, most of the animal notes, and such chemicals as amyl saUcylate, methyl ionones, heflotropin, gamma undecalactone, linalool, methyl anthrarulate, benzyl acetate, phenyl ethyl alcohol, cedar wood derivatives, oak mosses, coumarin, benzoin. Pern balsam, and cistus derivatives. In some cases, these mixtures can cause discoloration effects. 

The lack of new plastics in the late 1960s did not deter the growth of the plastics industries around the world and production reached levels an order of magnitude higher than 20 years before. Then in 1973 came the first serious check to growth that had been seen by the industry since the war. This arose from the oil crisis and it is now pertinent to consider the dependence of plastics on oil and other raw materials. 

Lead-acid batteries are produced using lead, sulfuric acid, additives such as antimony, and various other raw materials. Your facility s battery production capacity is 5,000 batleries per day, and the facility normally operates 24 hours per day, 300 days per year. 

The digestion of columbite, tantalite and other raw materials containing tantalum and niobium using both hydrofluoric acid and a mixture of hydrofluoric and sulfuric acids is widely applied in the industiy. The main advantage of the method is its simplicity. The method has, nevertheless, several disadvantages that should be noted, as follows. 

A comparison of boehmite with other raw materials is included in Table 6. In this table the soda and lithia contents of compositions based on a range of raw materials and the resultant properties are detailed. The level of / "-alumina was always higher with the hydrate-type raw material the hydrothermally prepared raw materials gave the highest content of / " -alumina. 

On top of this, PVC is by no means the only chlorine source. Other raw materials and (particularly for blast furnaces close to the sea) even the air used in incineration processes may have significant contributions to the chlorine throughput too. 

Some biocides may cause yellowing and others may combine with other raw materials, especially metal salts, to give pigmented complexes. 

The preparation of the enamel slip includes ball milling the frit and raw materials to the appropriate consistency. Frit is the glassy raw material that makes up the backbone of porcelain enameling. Most frit is manufactured outside the operation but some plants do include captive operations. Other raw materials, such as clay and gums, are mixed into the frit by the ball mill that then releases this mixture to the coating operation.3 6... 

Alumina, widely used in modem glassmaking, was probably not added deliberately in the past. It was, however, often introduced as an impurity, together with the other raw materials usually it occurs in low concentrations, below the range 1-5%. 

Constraint (8.1) is a raw material mass balance into a unit. The amount of raw material into a unit is the sum of the directly reused water, freshwater, water from storage and any other raw materials required for the specific final product. Constraint (8.1) is the form of the raw material balance where the contaminant mass in the reused water is negligible. Constraint (8.1) for the case where the contaminant mass is not negligible will be given at a later stage. It is important to note that only compatible water can be reused in product. The reuse streams each contain information on the contaminant present in the water through the state indices in the variables describing the reuse flows. 

Constraints (8.6) and (8.7) ensure that the amount of water reused in product directly and indirectly is less than the amount of water used in product, respectively. The mass of water used in product is fixed due to the ratio of water and other raw materials being fixed and the batch size being fixed. 

If the assumption that the contaminant mass in the wastewater is relaxed, then the additional raw material in the form of the contaminant mass has to be accounted for. The wastewater in this case not only supplements the water in the raw material, but also any other raw materials used in product formulation. The raw material balance given in constraint (8.1) is reformulated to account for the additional raw material source. Constraint (8.1) is split into a water balance and a raw material balance for the other components required in product formulation. The water balance is given in constraint (8.52). The balance for the other components used in the product formulation is given in constraint (8.53). Due to the fixed ratio of water and other components in product formulation and the fixed batch size, the amount of water and the amount of other components are fixed. Therefore, in constraints (8.52) and (8.53) the amount of water and amount of other raw material is fixed. The water balance, in constraint (8.52), states that the amount of water used in product is comprised of freshwater, water from storage and directly recycle/reused water. Constraint (8.53), the mass balance for the other components, states that the mass of other components used for product is the mass from bulk storage, the mass in directly recycled/reused water and the mass in water from storage. 

Product Amount of fresh water (kg) Amount of other raw material (kg) Processing time (h)... 

The Sugar Batter Method. This method works by making an emulsion of oil in water with air bubbles in the oil phase. All the other raw materials are dispersed or dissolved in the aqueous phase. 

To put things in perspective, let us consider the cost breakdown of a typical hair care product. The surfactant, polymer and other raw materials constitute around 10% of the producer price. Other costs include processing at around 5-10%, packaging at around 10-15%, administration and R D at around 5-10%, and... 

The other raw material is air, which provides an inexhaustible supply of nitrogen gas. 

The rubber stock, once compounded and mixed, must be molded or transformed into the form of one of the final parts of the tire. This consists of several parallel processes by which the sheeted rubber and other raw materials, such as cord and fabric, are made into the following basic tire components tire beads, tire treads, tire cords, and the tire belts (fabric). Tire beads are coated wires inserted in the pneumatic tire at the point where the tire meets the wheel rim (on which it is mounted) they ensure a seal between the rim and the tire. The tire treads are the part of the tire that meets the road surface their design and composition depend on the use of the tire. Tire cords are woven synthetic fabrics (rayon, nylon, polyester) impregnated with rubber they are the body of the tire and supply it with most of its strength. Tire belts stabilize the tires and prevent the lateral scrubbing or wiping action that causes tread wear. 

The uses of lime in chemical manufacture are too numerous to discuss since over 150 important chemicals are made with this basic material. In fact, only five other raw materials are used more frequently than lime for chemical manufacture salt, coal, sulfur, air, and water. The most important chemical derivative of lime is soda ash, although the synthetic product has been a small percentage of all soda ash in recent years. 

Although many workers have been interested in the production of oxalic acid from sucrose, it is probably true that sucrose cannot compete with other raw materials as a source of this acid. For example, sawdust has been found to be an excellent source of oxalic acid. It is possible, however, to arrest the oxidation of sucrose before the oxalic acid stage is reached and the much more valuable tartaric acid has been obtained in this way. Tartaric acid, at the moment manufactured from waste... 

Similar to other raw materials, e.g., metals, it is principally possible to vary the properties of macromolecular substances by mixing two or more different polymers. Though, one has to pay attention to the fact that in most cases phase-separated, i.e., heterogeneous products are obtained by mixing macromolecules. These polymer blends consist of a continuous phase (matrix) in which a discontinuous (dispersed) phase in the form of more or less regularly shaped particles is included. This phenomenon can be explained thermodynamically ... 

Determination of total fluoride in soil, sediments, oxides and other raw materials requires complete decomposition of the sample. Accumulation of fluoride in soil can be studied by employing appropriate extraction procedures. 

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