Organophiles

In constructing Organophiles a limited set of elements participates. Major in their composition are C and H and also other nonmetals (O, N, S, P etc.), which play a secondary role. Most Organophiles are compounds insoluble in water. The main absorbent for them always remains organic matter, which shows in the value of octanol-water distribution coefficient (K ) 1- Organophiles are well soluble in one another, easily absorbed by organic matter (dispersed in rocks, peat, humus, oil, oil products, etc.) and are almost absent in water. 

Their migration capability depends on properties of the organic matter, first of all its density and viscosity. As noted earlier, with the density higher than water, the organic matter sinks, with the density lower than water it floats up. At the same values of permeability and hydraulic gradient the rate of their flow/filtration is inversely proportionate to kinematic viscosity, i.e., ratio of dynamic viscosity liquids density. The value of this viscosity for reservoir-conditions oil may be associated with their density by empiric equation  

The very mobile are liquid very light and volatile solutions of organic matter (p 0.7 g-ml ) with kinematic viscosity lower than for water ( 1.0 cm -s )- These are light solvents, oils or petroleum products (gasoline, kerosene) capable of relative easily floating to the surface. 

Immobile is a solid or liquid organic matter with kinematic viscosity greater than 1,000 cm c E This is first of all dispersed organic matter of rocks, humus of soil, peat, etc., or very viscous or solid bitumens and petroleum products. Bitumens in conditions of high temperature are capable of slowly migrating. In particular, bitumens emerge on the surface in the Dead Sea, for which it was called Asphalt Sea. Nevertheless, these organic solvents is convenient to consider a component of rocks or deposits, and their absorption capability to consider as property of rock as a whole. 

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The organophilic part R can come from a natural fatty acid whose carbon number is around 18 and whose chain contains a number of unsaturated bonds. Dimers of fatty acids (Cgg diacids) have also been used. 

The organophilic part of commercial dispersants is obtained by cationic oligomerization of isobutylene. 

Recently, Mark and co-workers also reported on organophilic silica formed by the combination of the sol-gel procedure and water-in-oil micro-emulsion method, in which methacryloyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane was used as one component of silica matrix [8]. The size of the silica particle was controlled by the content of water and emulsifier used. The surface of the particles was effectively covered with methacryloyl. organic groups. This organophilic silica is expected to be used as a novel component of composite materials. 

There are three general approaches to the synthesis of polymer-clay nanocomposites. In the first approach, a monomer or precursor is mixed with organophilic clay and followed by polymerization. This in situ polymerization technique was first developed by the... 

The second method of nanocomposite synthesis involves dissolving a polymer in a solvent, mixing with organophilic clay, and then removing the solvent [14,46-48]. Some... 

As was stated above, the very strong acidity (and probably together with the organophilicity of the pore wall) makes these salts very active catalysts in liquid-solid organic reaction systems. We wish to emphasize that this is the first example for the shape selective catalysis of heteropolyacids at least to our knowledge. 

Oil-based muds are being replaced now by synthetic muds. Diesel oil is harmful to the environment, particularly the marine environment in offshore applications. The use of palm oil derivative could be considered as an alternative oil-based fluid that is harmless to the environment [1869]. Hydrated castor oil can be used as a viscosity promoter instead of organophilic quater-nized clays [1285]. 

An oil-based drilling mud can be viscosified with maleated ethylene-propylene elastomers [919]. The elastomers are ethylene-propylene copolymers or ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers. The maleated elastomers are far more effective oil mud viscosifiers than the organophilic clays used. On the other hand, specific organophilic clays can provide a drilling fluid composition less sensitive to high temperatures [491]. 

Bentonite is an impure clay that is formed by weathering of volcanic tuffs. It contains a high content of montmorillonite. Bentonites exhibit properties such as ability to swell, ion exchange, and thixotropy. Properties can be modified by ion exchange, for example, exchange of earth alkali metals to alkali metals. The specific surface can be modified with acid treatment. Organophilic properties can be increased by treatment with quaternary ammonia compounds. 

Organophilic polyphenolic materials for oil-based drilling fluids have been described [407], The additives are prepared from a polyphenolic material and one or more phosphatides. The phosphatides are phosphoglycerides obtained from vegetable oils, preferably commercial lecithin. Humic acids, ligno-sulfonic acid, lignins, phenolic condensates, tannins the oxidized, sulfonated, or sulfomethylated derivatives of these polyphenolic materials may serve as polyphenolic materials. 

A fluid loss additive for hard brine environments has been developed [1685], which consists of hydrocarbon, an anionic surfactant, an alcohol, a sulfonated asphalt, a biopolymer, and optionally an organophilic clay, a copolymer of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and sodium-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate. Methylene-bis-acrylamide can be used as a crosslinker [1398]. Crosslinking imparts thermal stability and resistance to alkaline hydrolysis. 

J. C. Cowan, V. M. Granquist, and R. F. House. Organophilic poly-phenolic acid adducts. Patent US 4737295, 1988. 

D. Dino and J. Thompson. Organophilic clay additives and oil well drilling fluids with less temperature dependent rheological properties containing said additives. Patent EP 1138740A, 2001. 

For removal of an organic component from water, swelling of the organophillic membrane would result in a higher flux and lower a. At organic levels below about 10 percent, that has not been a major... 

Layered phosphate/phosphonate and phosphonate materials, obtained by substitution of the phosphate moiety by phosphonate groups, display interesting tunable hydrophilic/organophilic properties for adsorption processes. When Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) is simply equilibrated with zirconium phosphate and phosphonate [135,136], immobilization was demonstrated to take place at the surface of the microcrystals. However, because lipase exhibits a strong hydrophobic character, its uptake by zirconium phosphate and phosphonate was much more related to the hydrophobic/hydrophilic character of the supports than to the surface area properties. A higher uptake is observed for zirconium-phenylphosphonate (78 %)... 

Bors J, Dultz S, Riebe B (2000) Organophilic bentonites as adsorbents for radionuclides I. Adsorption of ionic fission products. Appl Clay Sci 16 1-13... 

Cioffi R, Costanzo S, Maffucci L, Santoro L (2001a) Adsorption of the organic fraction of a tannery sludge by means of organophilic bentonite. Environ Techno1 22 83-89... 

Cioffi R, Maffucci L, Santoro L, Glasser FP (2001b). Stabilization of chloro-organics using organophilic bentonite an a cement-blast furnace slag matrix. Waste Manage 21 651-660... 

Montgomery DM, Sollars CJ, Sheriff TS, Perry R (1988) Organophilic clays for the successful stabilisation/solidification of problematic organic wastes. Environ Technol Lett 9 1403... 

Phase transfer catalysts can be used to increase the solubility of reactants in the phase where the reaction takes place. Usually these catalysts are organophilic salts that pair with anionic reactants to increase their solubility in organic solvents. Phase transfer catalysis is described in more detail in Chapter 5. 

However, the observation that very organophilic ammonium salts are also very active phase transfer agents suggests that the catalyst cation need not actually enter the aqueous phase, and the reaction can occur entirely at the interface, as depicted in Scheme 5.7 [43], This process is known as the interfacial mechanism. 

Table 5.3 The effect of catalyst structure and its organophilicity on the rate of reaction between n-octyl methanesulfonate and potassium bromide...

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