Amphiphilic Organophiles

Among natural amphiphilic Organophiles most common are ions of carbonic acids. Among them dominate ions of monocarbonic acids, for instance acetates (CH COONa, CH COOH, etc.), propionates ((C,H O,),Ca, etc.), butirates (HO(CHT,COONa, etc.), whose contents are especially high in saline oilfield water. Among them dominate acetates whose contents reach 10 g TE Their share of all organic acid anions is up to 

Humus acids are a main component extracted by water from organic matter of rocks and deposits, first of all from soil and peat. The content of humic acids reaches in soils 10% by mass, in peats 25-50%, in coals up to 60%. The contents of fulvic acids - up to 15% in peats and 60% in coals. Relative contents of humic and fulvic acids in soils depend on their properties. In tundra and bleached forest soils dominate fulvic and in peats, chestnut and black-earth soils, humic acids. Frequently (but not always), with depth fraction of fulvic acids increases. 

Humus acids are relatively poorly soluble in water. Fulvic acids are better soluble than humic, and for this reason they are more common in the surface water. Contents of fulvic acids in solutions, as a rule, by an order of magnitude higher than humic. Carbon content of humus acids in surface water usually is tens and hundreds of microgram per liter and reaches sometimes several milligram per liter. Especially abundant humus acids are in natural water of forested and swampy locations. There, humus acids in ground and surface water account for up to 50-90% of the dissolved 

A main property of humus acids, which attracts attention to them, is their capability of cation exchange. It is associated with the large size of their molecules that allows to consider them as suspended particles with variable number of active centers. In acidic water free forms of humic and fulvic acids are possible. With the increase in pH they lose hydrogen ions and convert in polydentate (chelate) ligands. That facilitates attaching of cations and the formation of salts called humates and fulvates, or more complex salts. 

Humus acids are capable of interacting also with some anionogenic elements. S.R. Kraynov et al. (2004) experimentally established that they can join F, Br and I. At this, together with direct bonds of HA-F type exist also 

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