Poly phenolics

J. C. Cowan, V. M. Granquist, and R. F. House. Organophilic poly-phenolic acid adducts. Patent US 4737295, 1988. 

Zeolite based ceramics as catalysts for wet hydrogen peroxide catalytic oxidation of phenol and poly-phenols... 

In the present work, a Cu-13X zeolite sample was ceramized and used as a catalyst for the wet oxidation of phenol solutions and olive oil mill wastewaters (OOMW). The material showed good catalytic activity for the abatement of phenol and poly-phenols, excellent stability and no leaching of the active species. In this way a real heterogeneously catalyzed reaction was performed. Moreover, the catalyst was reused without special reactivation treatments for different consecutive reaction cycles. 

The ceramized Cu 13X material showed good catalytic activity and stability in the WHPCO of phenol. The performance of the catalyst (reused without any reactivation treatment) during the 10 consecutive reaction cycles proves an outstanding low leaching of copper species. The catalyst was very efficient in poly-phenol and TOC abatement of a real olive oil mill wastewater. 

Total carotenoid Total Chlorophyll (a b) Total Chlorophyll-a Total Chlorophyll-b Poly phenols Catechins... 

Dissociation of the Protein-Poly phenolic Complex and Characterization of the Polyphenolic Fraction. Since Indulin ATR is almost completely soluble in THF while the APPL s are quite insoluble in this solvent, but are soluble in DMF, a sequence of different percentage mixtures of these two solvents was used in order to dissociate the protein-lignin complexes for further analyses of the lignin part. 

A suggestion was made to name condensation polymers synthesized from two different monomers by following the prefix poly with parentheses enclosing the names of the two reactants, with the names of the reactants separated by the term -co-. Thus, the polymer in Eq. 1-7 would be named poly(phenol-co-formaldehyde). This suggestion did not gain acceptance. 

Piretti, M.V., Ghedini, M., and Serrazanetti, G., Isolation and identification of the poly-phenolic and terpenoid constituents of Vitis vinifera. v. Trebbiano variety. Ann. Chim. 66, 429, 1976. 

Thirty-seven studies, (poly)phenol-rich diet compared with control... 

A Summary of Published Data for Transient Maximal Plasma Concentrations of Diet-Derived (Poly)Phenols, Typical Plasma Concentrations of Endogenous Phenols and ... 

FIGURE 6.1 Illustration of the effects of mammalian metabolism and microbial metabolism on the redox potential of (poly)phenols found in plasma compared with their precursors in the diet and the aglycones commonly used in studies in vitro. (Reprinted from Clifford, M.N., Planta Med., 12, 1103, 2004. With permission.)... 

Other quinones and and poly phenolic GSH conjugates are also toxic, such as benzohydroquinone. In the latter case, it is the triglutathionyl conjugate of benzohydroquinone that is the most toxic. 

Wash cartridge with two column volumes ethyl acetate to remove poly phenolic compounds such as phenolic acids and flavonols. 

Analyze poly phenolic standards at a minimum of three concentrations to generate calibration curves. Analyze data and calculate the quantity of each polyphenolic compound. 

The first NMR study of olive oil components appeared in 1993 by the Montedoro group (Montedoro et ah, 1993), in which three extracted poly-phenolic compounds (one isomer of oleuropein aglycone, the dialdehydic... 

Vandercook and Rolle (11) investigated the ultraviolet absorption characteristics of alcoholic solutions of California-Arizona lemon juice. They reported that the ratio of the absorbance of 273-277 nm to the absorbance of 326-332 nm was essentially constant. From analyses of the spectra obtained of other fruit juices, they indicated if one were added to lemon juice its presence could be detected by a displacement of this ratio. Vandercook et aK (12) observed a significant increase in total poly-phenolic absorbance at 330 nm, of lemon juice, with extraction pressure. However, there was no significant change in the A/B absorbance ratio (273/326). 

Hydrogen in the presence of reduced nickel converts phenol into cyclohexanol and cyclohexane. Poly-phenols are affected similarly, while aniline and its homolognes become reduced to cyclohexylamines qninones are reduced to quinols and nitriles to amines. 

The sum of all di-phenols and poli-phenols, here denoted as undesired product W... 

Tea is a plant origin food containing surprisingly high amounts of manganese. However, tea also contains high amounts of the poly-phenolic substance tannin which has been found to have a profoundly adverse effect on the utilization of such diverse nutrients as pro-... 

Isolation and Characterization of cDNA Clones Encoding the Poly-phenolic Protein. Characterization of the primary amino acid sequence of the mussel adhesive protein has been hindered by the large size of the protein and the repetitiveness of the amino acids. In such cases, the practical (and perhaps only) approach for determining the complete amino acid sequence is to clone DNA sequences encoding the protein and to deduce the amino acid sequence from the genetic code carried by that DNA. To accomplish this, we obtained mRNA from mussels and synthesized cDNA in vitro. 

Figure 3. Yeast expression vector for production of poly phenolic proteins.

Figure 4. Regulated production of poly phenolic protein in yeast. The arrow indicates the polyphenolic protein. Purified yeast-derived polyphenolic protein, treated in vitro with cyanogen bromide, is present in lane G.

Copper compounds are catalysts for the Michael addition reaction (249), olefin dimerizations (245, 248), the polymerization of propylene sulfide (142), and the preparation of straight-chain poly phenol ethers by oxidation of 2,6-dimethylphenol in the presence of ethyl- or phenyl-copper (209a). Pentafluorophenylcopper tetramer is an intriguing catalyst for the rearrangement of highly strained polycyclic molecules (116). The copper compound promotes the cleavage of different bonds in 1,2,2-tri-methylbicyclo[1.1.0]butane compared to ruthenium or rhodium complexes. Methylcopper also catalyzes the decomposition of tetramethyllead in alcohol solution (78, 81). 

The relative specificity that laccases have for bulky aromatic (poly) phenols and amines is due not only to the H-bond Network. The type 1 site associated with these H-bonds lies at the base of a shallow cavity that is lined with nonpolar side chains, or the nonpolar aliphatic carbon skeleton of a polar one, for example, Q and K. The binding cavities of two laccases (superimposed) are shown in Figure 9(b). As discussed below, those MCOs that exhibit a strong specificity for Fe + as substrate the ferroxidases - have a substrate binding site that differs in two respects from the laccase one the ferroxidase site is spatially more constrained and it... 

Phenole/Citronensaure VI/2, 649 Poly-phenole/3-Oxo-carbonsaure-ester VI/2, 644... 

Mono- and Poly-phenols.—As with the other ring substitution products of benzene and its homologues we have not only mono- but also di- tri- and other poly-substitution products, so also we have polyphenols in which more than one hydrogen atom of the ring is substituted by the hydroxyl group. In these poly phenols the conditions of position isomerism are present so that ortho, meta and para vicinal, symmetrical and unsymmetrical isomers are known. 

The mono-phenols are liquids or low melting-point crystalline solids, while the poly-phenols are crystalline solids only. The mono-phenols... 

With Ammonia.—With ammonia, in the form of ammonia zinc chloride, ZnCh—4NH3, phenols, especially the poly-phenols, yield amino compounds by replacement of a hydroxyl with an amino group. 

The poly-phenols or poly-hydroxy benzenes are obtained from the dry distillation products of wood. The methods of synthesis are in general those for the mono-phenols though the diazo reaction does not usually work well with amino phenols. Also some of the methods of preparation used for poly-phenols do not apply to the mono-phenols. In general properties they resemble the mono-compounds, but they are usually more easily soluble in water, react more readily and are characterized by their strong reducing properties. 

Constitution. Tautomerism.—The constitution of each of the poly-phenols which we have considered has not been taken up because it has been sufficiently established by the syntheses and reactions as given. In the case of phloroglucinol, however, we have another case of tautomerism. Its constitution as tri-hydroxy benzene is established by the syntheses given for it and the fact that it yields tri-acyl derivatives. Toward other reagents, however, it acts otherwise than as a hydroxyl compound. Hydroxylamine, H2N—OH, which is the characteristic reagent for aldehydes and ketones (p. 124), yields a... 

Aromatic Glycols.—As we have poly-phenols which contain more than one hydroxyl group in the ring so we may have poly-alcohols containing side chains in which more than one hydroxyl group is present. Those with two hydroxyl groups will be phenyl derivatives of the glycols the di-hydroxy aliphatic alcohols. 

The reaction is a general one for phenols both mono- and poly- and for the ethers of poly-phenols. It results always in a mixture of the ortho and para compounds. In the preparation of hydroxy benzaldehyde the two may be easily separated as the ortho compound is volatile with steam, while the para compound is not. 

When more than one hydroxyl group is substituted in the ring of an aromatic acid there will result poly-phenol acids i.e., poly-hydroxy acids. The poly-hydroxy benzoic acids, which include the most important members, bear the same relation to benzoic acid that the ordinary poly-phenols, e.g., pyrocatechinol, resorcinol, pyrogallol, etc. (p. 617), do to benzene. They may also be considered as carboxyl substitution products of the poly-phenols. 

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