Operations industry standards

A development in the 1960s was that of on-line elemental analysis of slurries using x-ray fluorescence. These have become the industry standard. Both in-stream probes and centralized analyzers are available. The latter is used in large-scale operations. The success of the analyzer depends on how representative the sample is and how accurate the caUbration standards are. Neutron activation analyzers are also available (45,51). These are especially suitable for light element analysis. On-stream analyzers are used extensively in base metal flotation plants as well as in coal plants for ash analysis. Although elemental analysis provides important data, it does not provide information on mineral composition which is most cmcial for all separation processes. Devices that can give mineral composition are under development. 

Ligand-Modified Rhodium Process. The triphenylphosphine-modified rhodium oxo process, termed the LP Oxo process, is the industry standard for the hydroformylation of ethylene and propylene as of this writing (ca 1995). It employs a triphenylphosphine [603-35-0] (TPP) (1) modified rhodium catalyst. The process operates at low (0.7—3 MPa (100—450 psi)) pressures and low (80—120°C) temperatures. Suitable sources of rhodium are the alkanoate, 2,4-pentanedionate, or nitrate. A low (60—80 kPa (8.7—11.6 psi)) CO partial pressure and high (10—12%) TPP concentration are critical to obtaining a high (eg, 10 1) normal-to-branched aldehyde ratio. The process, first commercialized in 1976 by Union Carbide Corporation in Ponce, Puerto Rico, has been ficensed worldwide by Union Carbide Corporation and Davy Process Technology. 

The mechanical design of the idler roUs is a function of the particular service under which the conveyor operates. Minimum industrial standards for roU dimensions, bearings, and appHcation criteria for different service conditions have been estabHshed (14). Idler life is deterrnined by a combination of factors such as bearings, seals, shell thickness, load density, and the operating environment. 

New Mexico s San Juan Gas Plant is one of the United States newest and largest natural gas liquids recovery plant. Commissioned in November 1986, its levels of productivity are high by industry standards. Located near Bloomfield, New Mexico, just south of tlie Colorado border, the plant is jointly owned by Conoco Inc. (then a subsidiary of the DuPont Company) and Tenneco Inc., both of Houston. It is operated by Conoco and is named after its location in the San Juan basin, an area of oil, gas, and coal production. 

What they got was an entry level machine with a simple operating system and the manufacturer s own version of BASIC. There were no application packages to speak of, and there was no industry standard in software. Anyone who wrote software in those days would have nightmares about printers and disk files. 

Railway electric traction systems use either ac or direct current (dc). Third rail systems operate on dc at 600 to 700 V. Overhead systems can be found with either 1,500 or 3,000 V dc, or using ac at a range of voltages (from 11,000 to 50,000) and frequencies (16 2/3 to 60 Hz). The modern standard for overhead catenai y systems is usually 25,000 V and cither 50 nr 60 Hz depending on the industrial standard for the country (50 Hz for most of Europe, 60 Hz for the United States and Japan). 

Mounting configuration and operating envelope Industrial standards, such as the rathbone severity chart, assume that the machine is rigidly mounted on a suitable concrete foundation. Machines mounted on deck-plate or on flexible foundations have higher normal vibration profiles and cannot be evaluated using these standards. 

In addition, industrial standards assume a normal operating envelope. All machines and process systems have a... 

The Supply Chain Operations Reference-model [12] has been developed and endorsed by the Supply-Chain Council (SCC), an independent non-profit-making corporation, as the cross-industry standard for supply-chain management. 

Facility electrical systems and components provide a convenient source of ignition within a hydrocarbon or ordinary occupancies whenever the design, installation or maintenance is substandard. Electrical systems or components may short, overheat, operate incorrectly, etc. These failures will present themselves as available ignition sources for hydrocarbon vapor releases. All electrical installation should be according to recognized electrical industry standards such as API RP 540 and the NEC (NFPA 70). 

For example, one of our clients in the telecommunications industry recently built a business model. In that world, all the manufacturers and operators adhere to several standards. So some of the client s model was determined by what the standards say and will have to be updated whenever the standards change in other words, it imports the industry-standard virtual packages. So our client s business model contains definitions of the standardized concepts (or at least its interpretations of them) along with all its own definitions. Because there were not yet arty UML versions of these standards, we simply consider the standards documents to be part of an implicit virtual package and proceed to virtually import it. 

This survey focuses on recent developments in catalysts for phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC), proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), and the direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). In PAFC, operating at 160-220°C, orthophosphoric acid is used as the electrolyte, the anode catalyst is Pt and the cathode can be a bimetallic system like Pt/Cr/Co. For this purpose, a bimetallic colloidal precursor of the composition Pt50Co30Cr20 (size 3.8 nm) was prepared by the co-reduction of the corresponding metal salts [184-186], From XRD analysis, the bimetallic particles were found alloyed in an ordered fct-structure. The elecbocatalytic performance in a standard half-cell was compared with an industrial standard catalyst (bimetallic crystallites of 5.7 nm size) manufactured by co-precipitation and subsequent annealing to 900°C. The advantage of the bimetallic colloid catalysts lies in its improved durability, which is essential for PAFC applicabons. After 22 h it was found that the potential had decayed by less than 10 mV [187],... 

Where loss of control could lead to severe consequences, the integrity of the basic process control system and the protective safeguards must be designed, operated and maintained to a high standard. Industry standards such as ANSI/ISA-S84.01 (1996) and IEC 61508 (2000) address the issues of how to design, operate and maintain safety instrumented systems such as high temperature interlocks to achieve the necessary level of functional safety. The scope of these standards includes hardware, software, human factors and management (HSE 2000). 

Although in many WGS applications cases conventional HTS catalysts are used, for some applications water-gas shift catalysts may be needed that operate at temperatures above the current industrial standard. Also, stability in a steam atmosphere, during regeneration of a SEWGS reactor, is an issue. 

Z = (Company A change in cash flow from operations - Industry average change in cash flow from operations)/ Standard deviation of industry average. 

Overall, most of the requirements for a process spectrometer/analyzer are straightforward to implement, but they do require attention at the design level. Another important area, which is FTIR specific, is the user interface and the need to provide for industry standard data communications. Standard software packages do exist for process instrumentation. For prototype development, and even for the front-end interface in a stand-alone mode of operation, software products, such as National Instraments Lab View and the Mathworks MatLab, are also important instrumentation development tools. Note that National Instruments also provides important computer-based electronics and hardware that meet most of the computer interfacing, and system control and communications needs for modem instrumentation. For practical installations, a product known... 

At the time the schedule was developed, there were significant uncertainties, the most important of which was EPA s failure to agree on the end state for the site in the absence of a decision on end use. The Army and WDC assumed that industrial standards would apply rather than more stringent residential standards. However, this issue has not been settled. Moreover, EPA agreement will be required for RCRA permit modifications C3-050 and C3-051 and any new ones. Failure to obtain approval for any of these modifications will further prolong the closure schedule. The main impetus for completing closure as quickly as possible is the high cost of continued operations (it reportedly costs 331,500 per day for JACADS with a full complement of personnel) (Bushman, 2000). 

A typical FCC operation can yield around 4-5 wt% propylene. The inclusion of ZSM-5 additives (Zeolite structural matrix-5) coupled with high reactor operating temperature (ROT) yields 5-10 wt% propylene with additive concentrations up to 10 wt% as per the industry standard as shown in the table below. This is based on data from commercially operating units around the world. A comparison of propylene yield from various catalytic cracking options is summarized below ... 

For inspection of large field-erected tanks, API 653, Tank Inspection, Repair, Alteration, and Reconstruction, is referenced by the US EPA. A certified inspector must inspect tanks. US EPA references the Steel Tank Institute Standard SPOOl-06, Standard for Infection of In-Service Shop Fabricated Aboveground Tanks for Storage of Combustible and Flammable Liquids, as an industry standard that may assist an owner or operator with the integrity testing and inspection of shop-fabricated tanks. The STI SPOOl-06 standard includes inspec-... 

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