Omega-3 fatty acid concentrates

U. N. Wanasundara, Marine Oils Stabilization, Structural Characterization and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Concentration, Ph.D. thesis. Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John s, Newfoundland, 1996. 

Shahidi, F. and Wanasundara, U.N. 1998. Omega-3 fatty acid concentrates Nutritional aspects and production technologies. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 9, 230-240. 

There are clear abnormalities of fatty acid concentrations in depression that are distinct from those in schizophrenia (Adams, Lawson, Sanigorski, Sinclair, 1996 Maes et al., 1996 Maes et al., 1999 Peet, Murphy, Shay, Horrobin, 1998 Edwards, Peet, Shay, Horrobin, 1998). Eirst, the abnormalities are present in both plasma and in red cells, raising the possibility that the problem may be in fatty acid metabolism in general, rather than membrane phospholipid metabolism in particular. Second, the abnormalities are specifically deficits in the omega-3 fatty acids EPA, DHA, and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and particularly in EPA. In contrast to the situation in schizophrenia, AA levels are either normal or elevated. 

Rose, D. P. (1997). Dietary fatty acids and cancer. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 66, 998S-1003S. Rubio-Rodriguez, N., Beltrm, S., Jaime, I., de Diego, S. M., Sanz, M. T., and Carballido, J. R. (2010). Production of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrates A review. Innovat. Food Set. Emerg. Technol. 11,1-12. 

Miller, M. R. Nichols, P. D. Carter C. G. replacement of dietary fish oil for Atlantic salmon parr Salmo salar L.) with a stearidonic acid containing oil has no effect on omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations. Comp Biochem Phys B 2007,146, 197-206. 

Good quality fat with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are essential to health. These fat concentrates are the fat-soluble vitamins and antioxidants. 

In view of these factors, it has been suggested that a deficiency of omega-3 fatty acid in the diet will decrease the concentration of these fatty acids available for synthesis of the required phospholipids in the body, including the brain. If this was a chronic deficiency it could increase the risk of development of some disorders, including depression, schizophrenia and attention deficit syndrome. There is some evidence that this is the case. 

This disorder is characterised by inappropriate levels of activity, a high frequency of periods of frustration and distraction and hence inability to sustain attention and to concentrate on one activity for a prolonged period of time. A surprising finding is that amphetamine administration, which normally increases or facilitates activity, rapidly and markedly improves behaviour. Patients become calm and their alertness is enhanced. A drug that has been used is methylphenidate (Ritalin). One interesting and recent development is the improvement in the condition by supplementation of the diet with polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly the omega-3 acids in fish oils (See Chapter 11). 

Oily fish and extracted fish oils contain high concentrations of EPA and DHA. Fish oils also contain vitamins A and D. Oil derived from cod, halibut, or shark liver, or from fish body, typically contains about 200 mg/ml of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. In addition, cod liver oil provides 50 pg/ml of vitamin A and 2 pg/ml of vitamin D. Many fish oil supplements are artificially enriched with omega-3 fatty acids. 

Hebeisen, D.F., Hoeflin, F., Reusch, H.P., Junker, E., Lauterburg, B.H. 1993. Increased concentrations of omega-3 fatty acids in milk and platelet rich plasma of grass-fed cows. Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 63, 229-233. 

Several methods have been proposed to produce polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) concentrates particularly high in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Most PUFA enrichment methods are based upon a combination of techniques such as saponification, solvent extraction, urea fractionation, molecular distillation, fractionation distillation, liquid chromatography, and super critical carbondioxide extraction. Current evidence suggests that the physiological effects of omega-3 fatty acids are such that the annual world supply of fish oils will be grossly inadequate as a source of these materials, and alternative sources will be needed (Belarbi et al, 2000). 

You may hear about getting omega-3s from plant sources, especially flaxseed and flaxseed oil but also from soybeans, canola and walnut oils, and various kinds of nuts. All of those foods contain a far less potent form of the beneficial fatty acids called alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). You may even see ALA supplements on sale in health food stores and pharmacies, but only a fraction, a small fraction, of ALA is converted by the body into EPA and DHA. Stick with the fish oils or the concentrated ethyl ester supplements. 

At about the same time, the Charleston Laboratory of the U.S. National Marine Eisheries Service prepared menhaden oil omega-3 fatty acid ethyl ester concentrates on a large scale for participants in projects funded by the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Their flow chart. Eigure 13, combined development work also carried out at the Seattle and Gloucester Laboratories, much of it recorded in the book by M.E. Stansby (26). The final process adopted includes urea complexing of ethyl esters in a total of seven stages, viz ... 

There is no real reason for concentrations of mixed omega-3 fatty acid ethyl esters to be provided when the estimated need in oral supplement form is approximately 1 g per day for adults. This supplement can be provided by several capsules of any suitable oil taken with meals. However, the food industry requirement is for oils that are microencapsulated powders. These powders have to be provided with stable, yet digestible, shells and in a suitable powder format to be unnoticed in the food and yet carry a significant proportion of mass as the marine oil or omega-3 concentrates. A capacity of about 50-50% oil is acceptable, and a target of 70-80% content is being sought. Eventually, concentrates will boost delivery of EPA and DHA. 

S. S. H. Rizvi, R. R. Chao, and Y. J. Liaw, Concentration of omega-3 fatty acids from fish oil using supercritical carbon dioxide, in B. A. Charpentier and M. R. Sevenants, eds.. Supercritical Flyid Extractioned, 1988, pp. 89-108. 

Parkinson AT, Cruz AL, Heyward WL, Bulkow LR, Hall D, Barstaed L, and Comor WE. (1994). Elevated concentrations of plasma omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids amoi Alaskan Eskimos. Am. J. Clin. Nutri. 59,384-388,1994. 

Omega-3 PUFAs are essential unsaturated fatty acids obtained from food sources or from supplements. Amongst nutritionally important polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids, a-linolcnic acid (ALA), eicosapentae-noic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are highly concentrated in the brain and have antioxidative stress, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects. The exposure to n-3 fatty acids enhances adult hippocampal neurogenesis associated with cognitive and behavioral processes, promotes synaptic plasticity by increasing longterm potentiation, and modulates synaptic protein expression to stimulate the dendritic arborization and new spine formation [496]. 

N/A Eish oil fatty acid ethyl ester, Omega 3 concentrate F-28... 

In addition, THC-containing foods, i.e., hemp oil, beer, and other products, are commercially available for oral consumption. Hemp oil is produced from cannabis seed and is an excellent source of essential amino acids and omega-linoleic and linolenic fatty acids. THC content is dependent upon the effectiveness of cannabis seed cleaning and oil filtration processes. Hemp oil of greater than 300 pg THC/g was available in the U.S. and up to 1,500 pg THC/g in Europe. Currently, hemp oil THC concentrations in the U.S. are low, reflecting the efforts of manufacturers to reduce the amount of THC in hemp oil products. 

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