OLDS

Judgment had to be exercised in data selection. For each fluid, all available data were first fit simultaneously and second, in groups of authors. Data that were obviously very old, data that were obviously in error, and data that were inconsistent with the rest of the data, were removed. 

PARCH reads update information from formatted cards, or other input file containing card images. Input having existing component indices replace old data with those indices. Otherwise the new component data is added to the library, with the restriction that the total number of components is always less than or equal to 100. 

A number of sources of such data are available in the open literature. Unfortunately, the data to be used are often old, sometimes from a variety of sources, with different ages. Such data can be brought up to date and put on a common basis using cost indexes ... 

As an adjective applied to metals base represents the opposite of noble, i.e. a base metal would be attacked by mineral acids, base exchange An old term used to describe the capacity of soils, zeolites, clays, etc. to exchange their cations (Na, K, Ca ) for an equivalent of other cations without undergoing structural change. An example of the general process of ion exchange. ... 

A treasure-trove of over 12,000 new gems and old favourites, from Aesop and Matthew Arnold to Xenophon and Zola. 

Early failures may occur almost immediately, and the failure rate is determined by manufacturing faults or poor repairs. Random failures are due to mechanical or human failure, while wear failure occurs mainly due to mechanical faults as the equipment becomes old. One of the techniques used by maintenance engineers is to record the mean time to failure (MTF) of equipment items to find out in which period a piece of equipment is likely to fail. This provides some of the information required to determine an appropriate maintenance strategy tor each equipment item. 

In very difficult situations the production interval is plugged back, a side-track well is drilled adjacent to the old hole, and the section completed as a new well. 

Initially, if operating costs can be divided based on production throughput, the satellite development project may look attractive. However, the unit costs of the declining host field will eventually exceed income and the satellite development may not be able to support the cost of maintaining the old facilities. If the old facilities can be partly decommissioned, and provision made for part of the abandonment cost, then the satellite development may still look attractive. The satellite development option should always be compared to options for independent development. 

Whatever form of incremental development is considered, the benefits to the host facility should not be gained at the expense of reduced returns for the new project. Incremental and satellite projects can in many situations help to extend the production life of an old field or facilities, but care must be taken to ensure that the economics are transparent. 

A new design of an old concept of thermal surface inspection permits the photothermal camera to be considered as an interesting alternative to NDT methods like penetrant or magnetic testing, particularly when the testing has to be made in a remote or automatic way. 

To operate the MPI or LPI equipment at stable and reprodncable inspection conditions modern units are equipped with a monitoring and control system called "Quality Assurance Package" (termed QAP). The QAP System is ba.sed on an industrial PC with a bus system and field sensors. It ensures that process parameters important for the reproducability of the MPI or LPI are controlled an held between defined limits by a central computer system. It can be adapted to any old system, as well as integrated into new systems. 

For immersion probes we also get similar improvements using piezocomposite transducers as demonstrated by the third example. In Fig. 8 we compare pulse form and frequency spectrum for a 2 MHz probe Z2K with 10 mm transducer diameter. The echo of the composite probe has 11 dB more amplitude and is clearly shorter than for the old design, also indicated by the increase in bandwidth from 45 to 76 %. 

Insufficient information about the properties, layout pattern of small defects, potential for their growth in time, usually leads either to an unjustified rejection (repair) or to underestimation of the importance of the defect and, as aconsequence, construction failure. Use of automated computerised means of control allows safe service of the old constructions, periodically repeating the UT and monitoring the development of discontinuities in the metal. The main idea of such policy is periodical UT of development of discontinuities or, in a more general form, monitoring of the metal condition. 

In oil and gas industry of C.l.S. a lot of pipelines are in operation, including 206 thousand km of main gas pipelines, 65 thousand km of main oil pipelines, 6 thousand km of product pipelines and more than 300 thousand km of field pipelines of different applications. Two thirds of pipelines are more than 15 years old. 

In addition these directives had to be decided unanimously by the European Council which made their adoption cumbersome and slow. These directives are now referred to as old approach directives. A radical change was needed so that the Community legislation could respond to the needs of both, the completion of the internal market for the products concerned, and the need to offer to industry a flexible legislative environment which would encourage technical progress. 

From 1985 three major changes have been introduced to do away with the disadvantages encountered with the old approach . In 1985 the European Council adopted a New Approach to technical harmonisation and standards , in 1989 it adopted the Global Approach to conformity assessment which was amended in 1993 and in 1987 the legal basis for... 

The method is a very old one, remarks on it having been made by Tate in 1864 (33), and a simple expression for the weight W of a drop is given by what... 

The surface tension of most liquids decreases with increasing temperature in a nearly linear fashion, eis illustrated in Fig. III-2. The near-linearity has stimulated many suggestions as to algebraic forms that give exact linearity. An old and well-known relationship, attributed to Eotvos [3], is... 

A still different approach to multilayer adsorption considers that there is a potential field at the surface of a solid into which adsorbate molecules fall. The adsorbed layer thus resembles the atmosphere of a planet—it is most compressed at the surface of the solid and decreases in density outward. The general idea is quite old, but was first formalized by Polanyi in about 1914—see Brunauer [34]. As illustrated in Fig. XVII-12, one can draw surfaces of equipo-tential that appear as lines in a cross-sectional view of the surface region. The space between each set of equipotential surfaces corresponds to a definite volume, and there will thus be a relationship between potential U and volume 0. 

Where E is appreciable, adsorption rates may be followed by ordinary means. In a rather old but still informative study, Scholten and co-workers [130] were able to follow the adsorption of N2 on an iron catalyst gravimetrically, and reported the rate law... 

We consider first some experimental observations. In general, the initial heats of adsorption on metals tend to follow a common pattern, similar for such common adsorbates as hydrogen, nitrogen, ammonia, carbon monoxide, and ethylene. The usual order of decreasing Q values is Ta > W > Cr > Fe > Ni > Rh > Cu > Au a traditional illustration may be found in Refs. 81, 84, and 165. It appears, first, that transition metals are the most active ones in chemisorption and, second, that the activity correlates with the percent of d character in the metallic bond. What appears to be involved is the ability of a metal to use d orbitals in forming an adsorption bond. An old but still illustrative example is shown in Fig. XVIII-17, for the case of ethylene hydrogenation. 

Einstein A 1917 On the quantum theory of radiation Phys. Z. 18 121 Reprinted ter Haar D 1967 The Old Quantum Theory (New York Pergamon)... 

Crippa P R, Vecii A and Viappiani C 1994 Time-resolved photoacoustic-spectroscopy—new developments of an old idea J. Photochem. Photobiol. B-Biol. 24 3-15... 

Plenary 13. Andreas Otto, e-mail address otto rz.imi-duesseldorf.de (SERS). A survey of problems and models that underlie the SERS effect, now two decades old. Understanding the role of surface rouglmess in the enliancement. 

Another application of the knowledge of is to employ it for the interpretation of another relaxation measurement in the same system, an approach referred to as the dual spin probe teclmique. A rather old, but... 

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