Oil drilling

The greatest amount of surfactant consumption is in packaged soaps and detergents for household and industrial use. The remainder is used in processing textiles and leather, in ore flotation and oil-drilling operations, and in the manufacture of agricultural sprays, cosmetics, elastomers, food, lubricants, paint, pharmaceuticals, and a host of other products. 

Carburization By Fusion. This method is used for the preparation of tungsten carbide for the mineral industry, ie, for coarse-grained powder or castings for welding (qv) onto oil drills and wear-resistant parts. 

CS derivatives/salts have found limited use as detergents (25), antistatic coatings for photographic film (26), oil drilling fluids (25), thickeners in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals (27). They have been recommended for use as cation exchangers (28,29). Also, sulfated polysaccharides have recendy shown interesting antiviral activity (30). 

Miscellaneous Commercial Applications. Dimer acids are components of "downweU" corrosion inhibitors for oil-drilling equipment (see Petroleum Corrosion and corrosion inhibitors). This may account for 10% of current dimer acid use (71). The acids, alkyl esters, and polyoxyalkylene dimer esters are used commercially as components of metal-working lubricants (see Lubrication). Dimer esters have achieved some use in specialty lubricant appHcations such as gear oils and compressor lubricants. The dimer esters, compared to dibasic acid esters, polyol esters and poly(a-olefin)s, are higher in cost and of higher viscosity. The higher viscosity, however, is an advantage in some specialties, and the dimer esters are very stable thermally and can be made quite oxidatively stable by choice of proper additives. 

The OREDA Offshore Reliability Data Handbooks covers a variety of components used in offshore oil drilling and platforms, including gas/fire detection systems, process alarm systems, firefighting systems, pressure relieving systems, general alarm and communication systems, evacuation systems, process systems (vessels, valves, pumps, heat exchangers, and compressors), electrical and utility systems, and drilling equipment. 

Benzoic acid CgHjCOjH Alkyl resins, chemical intermediate, oil drilling additive, medicines... 

Oil Spills. Oil spills occur from oil pipeline leaks, oil tanker accidents, or submarine oil drilling operations. The two major ocean drilling accidents—oil wells blowing out—were the 1969 Santa Barbara Channel spill and the 1979 Yucatan Peninsula spill, in Mexico. The Yucatan spill spewed out more than three million barrels before being capped in 1980. Both caused damage to beaches and marine life, but the smaller Santa Barbara spill was far more devastating because of unfavorable winds following the accident. 

Brandy, J. E. (1960). History of Oil Drilling. Houston, TX Gulf Publishing Co. 

Oil drilling becomes more accurate because of the gyroscopic clinograph that stabilizes the drill. 

Fig. 10.29 Protection of offshore marine oil-drilling rig. (o) With external zinc (or aluminium) anodes and (b) with impressed current using platinised titanium or platinised niobium. (Compare the large number of anodes used in (a) with the small number used in (b))...

Adding the carboxymethyl group makes the starch less prone to damage by heat and bacteria. Carboxymethyl starch is used as an additive in oil drilling mud. It is also used in the goo that makes ultrasound examinations so messy. Carboxymethyl starch is also called a starch ether. 

See also methacrylate odor absorbers, 169 oil drilling mud, 146 oil of wintergreen, 167, 186. See also methyl salicylate... 

Grinding, cutting Inserts Twist drills Whetstones Industrial knives Circuit-board drills Oil-drilling tools Slitter blades Surgical scalpels Saws... 

Advanced ceramics have a wide range of application (Figure 5.3). In many cases, they do not constitute a final product in themselves, but are assembled into components critical to the successful performance of some other complex system. Commercial applications of advanced ceramics can be seen in cutting tools, engine nozzles, components of turbines and turbochargers, tiles for space vehicles, cylinders to store atomic and chemical waste, gas and oil drilling valves, motor plates and shields, and electrodes for corrosive hquids. 

A final important class of composite materials is the composite hquids. Composite liquids are highly stmctured fluids based either on particles or droplets in suspension, surfactants, liquid ciystalhne phases, or other macromolecules. A number of composite liquids are essential to the needs of modem industiy and society because they exhibit properties important to special end uses. Examples include lubricants, hydraulic traction fluids, cutting fluids, and oil-drilling muds. Paints, coatings, and adhesives may also be composite liquids. Indeed, composite hquids are valuable in any case where a well-designed liquid state is absolutely essential for proper delivery and action. 

N. Huang. Synthesis of fluid loss additive of sulfonate tannic-phenolic resin. Oil Drilling Prod Technol, 18(2) 39-42,106-107, 1996. 

E. E. Kochnev, G. I. Merentsova, T. L. Andreeva, and V. A. Ershov. Inhibitor solution to avoid inorganic salts deposition in oil drilling operations—contains water, carboxymethylcellulose or polyacrylamide and polyaminealkyl phosphonic acid and has improved distribution uniformity. Patent SU 1787996-A, 1993. 

G. Liao, Y. Yang, and H. Wang. Effect on anti corrosion ability of oil well slurry using silica flour. Oil Drilling Prod Technol, 18(4) 31-34,43,106, 1996. 

D. Tan. Test and application of drilling fluid filtrate reducer polysul-fonated humic acid resin. Oil Drilling Prod Technol, 12(l) 27-32,97-98, 1990. 

In context with methane detection during offshore oil drilling, another infrared fiber optic methane sensor was reported25. The detector comprises 3 main units a microcomputer-based signal processing and control unit, a nonconducting fiber optic gas sensor, and an optical fiber cable module. The system operates at an absorption line of methane where silica fibers have very low losses. 

Chromium levels are elevated in soil, air, water, and biota in the vicinity of electroplating and metal-finishing industries, publicly owned municipal treatment plants, tanneries, oil drilling operations, and cooling towers... 

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