Of words

Consider a process that requires the movement of 100 pieces of information — this could be part of a calculation, a bit of word processing, direction of data inputs, and so on. Suppose the... 

Fig. 2. Growth in number of online database searches on principal U.S. vendors of word-oriented databases.

Whereas Figure 1 represents worldwide data for all types of pubHcly available databases. Figure 2, showing growth in database searches, represents only a portion of those databases, ie, U.S. usage of word-oriented databases in the information center/Hbrary market. 

Form of Data. Databases can be classified in many ways. One method is by form of data representation, ie, data may be in the form of words, numbers, images, or sounds. The corresponding databases may then be considered to be word-oriented, number-oriented, image-oriented (video), or sound-oriented (audio). Data representation affects file stmctures and software for search and data retrieval. Thus the stmctures and search techniques vary considerably among these four basic classes. Table 1 gives databases as classified by form of data representation. 

Many databases can be classified in multiple ways because of multiple type data, eg, text and numeric data, text and image data, image and audio data, etc. Also included in the data presented in Table 1 are two additional classes of databases, electronic services and software. Both of these data types could also be classed by form of representation because of use of words and numbers. However, the way in which these databases are used is different and they have special characteristics. Thus they are presented as additional classes. Whereas electronic information services such as bulletin boards, electronic mail, and electronic conferencing contain data that are transitory and nonarchival, these must be included among databases because several of the principal vendors seU these services in the same way as database search services are sold. 

The percentage of word-oriented databases continues to increase at a faster pace than numeric databases. The number of image databases was 358 in 1992, greater than twentyfold increase from 1989. Audio databases rose from 1 in 1988 to 109 in 1992. A breakdown of the subclasses within word-oriented databases is given in Table 3, showing that full-text databases have surpassed bibhographic ones. Directory databases are the third most numerous. 

Titles of periodicals are defined as in the Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index (CASSI), except that full stops have been omitted after each abbreviated word. Abbreviations of words in the texts of Chapters 4, 5 and 6 are those in common use and are self evident, e.g. distn, filtd, cone and vac are used for distillation, filtered, concentrated and vacuum. 

Many incidents have occurred because of misunderstandings of the meanings of words and phrases. The following incidents are typical ... 

Wdrterbuch, n. dictionary glossary. Wort-folge, /. order of words, -fiigung, /. sentence structure, syntax, -fiihrer, m. spokesman, speaker, wortgetreu, a. literal. 

Wort-register, n. index of words, vocabulary, concordance, -schatz, m. vocabulary thesaurus. -verbindung, /. connection of words, context, -zeichen, n. trade name trademark catchword. 

Sejnowski and Rosenberg used two different sets of words for training (1) 1024 words taken from phonetic transcriptions of informal continuous speech by children and (2) a subset of the 1000 most commonly used words selected from Miriam Webster s Pocket Dictionary. NETtalk was trained on a DEC VAX 11/780 minicomputer. 

You might wish to predict the structure of diborane (which is now known) but do not be discouraged if you are not able to. Its structure, once elucidated, came as quite a surprise to even the most sophisticated chemists. The explanation of the structure is, even today, composed of a large proportion of words and a small proportion of understanding. 

Another key requirement of chemical equations (when presented in formulae, see below for consideration of word equations), is that they should be balanced . This is considered further below, and relates to conservations that are expected during chemical processes (of matter, charge, energy). 

Multimedia principle A combination of words and pictures is more effective in promoting deeper learning than the use of words alone. 

Some tasks in the Test of Gained Knowledge required students to connect observations about the macro course of chemical reactions with their notations in the submicro and/or symbolic types of representation. The results indicate that most students were able to rearticulate the information about reactants and products of a chemical reaction from the textual description of chemical reaction into the form of word chemical equation (textual description of macros word equation of macro Task 8.2, f(o/ )=89.82% Task 9.1, f(o/ )=87.61%). This action corresponds to the first step in learning to write down chemical equation in the LON approach. It can easily be explained, because teachers described the learning process to be very efficient to this point, as is illustrated below ... 

We have developed a system based on SNOW-MED to extract medical information from herbal texts. SNOW-MED is a semantic index that recognizes relationships between groups of words [26], For example, the semantic map for thrush is related to yeast, infection, and microbe. Although this system may eventually allow a potential pharmacological function to be extrapolated, we are currently using the system to simply extract disorders from the text. We have used the Mayo Vocabulary Server to perform this data mining [34, 35]. 

The next steps consist of the extraction and normalization of terms from the zoned input document. To this end, we apply standard natural language processing techniques and normalize the extracted terms to their canonical form with string manipulations and morphological analysis. The former refers to the treatment of symbols (e.g., dashes), and the latter refers to variations of words due to inflection (e.g., plurals). These steps of information extraction rely on, and make extensive use of, our terminologies and ontologies. 

In the example given in the preceding secdon, the number of words of data storage was 15,000 and the spectral width was 7500 Hz, so an acquisition time of 15,000/(2 X 7500) = 1.0 s was required after each pulse. 

ACh is metabolised extraneuronally by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, to reform precursor choline and acetate. Blocking its activity with various anticholinesterases has been widely investigated and some improvement in memory noted. Such studies have invariably used reversible inhibition because of the toxicity associated with long-term irreversible inhibition of the enzyme. Physostigmine was the pilot drug. It is known to improve memory in animals and some small effects have been seen in humans (reduces number of mistakes in word-recall tests rather than number of words recalled), but it really needs to be given intravenously and has a very short half-life (30 min). 

Yet scorn not a friend who spoke as plainly as he might. Beneath the shadowy foliage of words is concealed the golden fruit of Truth. The Testament Of Cremer, The Englishman, Abbot of Westminster, and Friar of the Benedictine Order. rhttp //www.levitv.com/alchemv/cremer.htmll. 

Smith, Pamela H. "Alchemy, credit, and the commerce of words and things Johann Joachim Becher at the courts of the Holy Roman Empire, 1635-82." PhD thesis, Johns Hopkins Univ, 1991. 

In this statement, we have used "polar plot of G0l" to replace a mouthful of words. We have added G0L-plane in the wording to emphasize that we are using an analysis based on Eq. (7-2a). The real question lies in what safety margin we should impose on a given system. This question leads to the definitions of gain and phase margins, which constitute the basis of the general relative stability criteria for closed-loop systems. 

A patient with a lesion in Wernicke s area is unable to understand any spoken or visual information. Furthermore, the patient s speech, while fluent, is unintelligible because of frequent errors in the choice of words. This condition is known as receptive aphasia. On the other hand, a patient with a lesion in Broca s area is able to understand spoken and written language but is unable to express his response in a normal manner. Speech in this patient is nonfluent and requires great effort because he cannot establish the proper motor command to articulate the desired words. This condition is known as expressive aphasia. 

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