Database continued

The percentage of word-oriented databases continues to increase at a faster pace than numeric databases. The number of image databases was 358 in 1992, greater than twentyfold increase from 1989. Audio databases rose from 1 in 1988 to 109 in 1992. A breakdown of the subclasses within word-oriented databases is given in Table 3, showing that full-text databases have surpassed bibhographic ones. Directory databases are the third most numerous. 

Function prediction Predict the function of unknown genes based on the similarity of their gene expression profiles to those of known genes These experiments require a large database of known expression profiles that can be used for comparisons. This approach will become powerful as such databases continue to grow over the next several years. 

Clearly, much of the progress of collaborative R D significantly depends on the availability of advanced and flexible database structures for data handling, sharing, and management. The design and implementation of such databases continue to be major tasks for chemoinformatics. This has also been realized by a number of software companies that provide commercial compound database and management systems and offer customization services. 

The Spanish language edition of USP 23-NF 18 was published in 1995 as a DOS-based electronic product. In 1998, the product was converted to a Windows-based electronic product. Work on the translation of USP-NF text began in 1993 with the exploration of machine translation software suitable for use in the translation of the characteristic text of the USP-NF. The software selected was ENG-SPAN-AM from the Pan American Health Organization. This was fortified by a microdictionary and software macros specific to the compendia. Since the initial release in 1995, the USP has released Supplements for the Spanish language edition concurrent with the release of the English language Supplements. The database continues to be kept abreast of revisions to the USP and NF, but it was not marketed after 1998. 

The first databases to appear were DNA sequence databases, namely those from the EMBL (Europe), NCBI (USA) and the DDBJ (Japan), known as EMBL [30], GENBANK [18] and DDBJ [1] respectively. These are DNA databases of sequences and their annotations. These databases continue as a collaborative effort, with the three databases sharing their information. So all three databases contain identical data, albeit in a different format. 

The new neural network correlations give mean absolute errors of 1.06 for cetane number and 0.003 for density, which represent significant improvements over the correlations developed in the first attempt. Work on improving these correlations and developing correlations for the other properties available in our database continues. 

Nowadays this database is composed of about a hundred tests and is continually updated with new tests. The tests are summarized for each case by a description of the vessel, the installation of the sensors used, as well as by a typical result and the conclusions of the control. 

It is also possible to extend this concept to cover the presence of more than one distinct segm pair in a pair of sequences (for example, if there are three MSPs present with scores of 40, and 50 then one can calculate the probabOity of finding three pairs with at least a score of by chance). The ability of BLAST to provide a quantitative significance of any match fou is a particularly useful feature of the program, which, with its continuing development a availability, has made it the most widely used method for sequence database searching. 

A comprehensive search (295) of the STORET water quaUty database, maintained by the U.S. EPA Office of Water, is used to evaluate the potential water quaUty implications of various herbicides. This database contains information on contamination of surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) suppUes. The data are provided to give a general impression of the occurrence of a given herbicide in SW and GW (269). The U.S. EPA scheme for categorizing a chemical s carcinogenic potential is used for herbicides for which healthy advisory information (HA) is available. The U.S. EPA is continually issuing HAs for various environmental contaminants HAs available in Reference 269 were used in preparation of this article. 

The U.S. government, a primary sponsor of scientific and technological developments that fostered the computer and communications technologies needed by the on-line database industry, also sponsored database development projects, information usage studies, and combined computer database development—usage projects. The successors of some of these projects continue to be prominent and include DIALOG, MEDLINE, BRS, LEXIS, and the Chemical Abstracts Registry System. 

Reliability. There has been a significant rise in interest among pump users in the 1990s to improve equipment reflabiUty and increase mean time between failures. Quantifiable solutions to such problems are being sought (61). Statistical databases (qv) have grown, improved by continuous contributions of both pump manufacturers and users. Users have also learned to compile and interpret these data. Moreover, sophisticated instmmentation has become available. Examples are vibration analysis and pump diagnostics. 

Specific reactor characteristics depend on the particular use of the reactor as a laboratory, pilot plant, or industrial unit. AH reactors have in common selected characteristics of four basic reactor types the weH-stirred batch reactor, the semibatch reactor, the continuous-flow stirred-tank reactor, and the tubular reactor (Fig. 1). A reactor may be represented by or modeled after one or a combination of these. SuitabHity of a model depends on the extent to which the impacts of the reactions, and thermal and transport processes, are predicted for conditions outside of the database used in developing the model (1-4). 

Database Records. From 1975 through 1991, database records increased from 52 million to 4.06 biUion, a factor of 77, and the number of databases grew from 301 to 7637, a factor of 24. Database entries grew from 301 to 6261, a factor of 20. The number of producers continues to grow somewhat more slowly in part because individual producers create multiple databases. There were 2372 producers in 1991 and the average producer... 

The historical data is sampled at user-specified intervals. A typical process plant contains a large number of data points, but it is not feasible to store data for all points at all times. The user determines if a data point should be included in the list of archive points. Most systems provide archive-point menu displays. The operators are able to add or delete data points to the archive point hsts. The samphng periods are normally some multiples of their base scan frequencies. However, some systems allow historical data samphng of arbitraiy intei vals. This is necessaiy when intermediate virtual data points that do not have the scan frequency attribute are involved. The archive point lists are continuously scanned bv the historical database software. On-line databases are polled for data. The times of data retrieval are recorded with the data ootained. To consei ve storage space, different data compression techniques are employed by various manufacturers. 

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