Of petroleum oils

Demulsibility of petroleum oils and synthetic fluids NFT 60-125 ISO 6614 ASTM D 1401 Time necessary for separation of phases... 

Gas bubble separation time of petroleum oils NFT 60-149 ASTM D 3427 Time for air liberation after supersaturation (measurement of density)... 

Another area of my post-Nobel research that turned into a major continuing effort evolved from the realization that our hydrocarbon resources, the marvelous gift of nature in the form of petroleum oil and natural gas, are finite and not renewable. 

In 1929, polymerized olefins were the first synthetic oils to be produced commercially in an effort to improve on the properties of petroleum oils. Interest in esters as lubricants appears to date back to 1937 in Germany, and their production and use expanded rapidly during and following World War II to meet the needs of the military and the newly developed jet engines (2). 

Petroleum sulfonates have traditionally been produced by both batch and continuous treatment of petroleum oils with oleum. These processes have been covered in several reviews (138,139). Natural petroleum sulfonates are coproducts in the manufacture of a variety of refined oils, most notably white (mineral) oils, lube oils, and process oils (plasticizer oils for mbber compounding). The feedstocks are selected primarily on the basis of the desired characteristics of the refined oils which generally contain 15—30% aromatics. 

A. B. Brown and J. O. Knoblock, Symposium on Composition of Petroleum Oils, ASTM Technical Pubhcation No. 224, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa., June 1958, pp. 213—229. 

Trickle Bed Hydrodesulfurization The first large-scale apph-cation of trickle bed reactors was to the hydrodesulfurization of petroleum oils in 1955. The temperature is elevated to enhance the specific-rate and the pressure is elevated to improve the solubihty of the... 

ASTM, Standard Test Method for Estimation of Molecular Weight (Relative Molecular Mass) of Petroleum Oils from Viscosity Measurements, ASTM Standard D-2502-92, 1992. 

Estimation of Molecular Weight of Petroleum Oils from Viscosity Measurements... 

Many types, such as pine tar, are distillates from pine tree farming in Scandinavia. Pine tar is a dark viscous liquid used at about 3-7 phr dosage level. It does not affect hardness levels to the same extent as the equal amount of petroleum oil. From the nature of its sources it can vary in acidity and thus has tended to be replaced by cheaper more predictable alternatives which are available from the residues of petroleum distillation. Tack improvement of rubber compounds is derived from the presence of colophony resin derivatives. 

Yang, W. P, 1981, Volatilization, Leaching and Degradation of Petroleum Oils in Sand and Soil Systems Ph.D. thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University. 

The viscosity (ASTM D445, D88, D2161, D341, D2270) of petroleum oils varies markedly over a very wide range (less than 10 cP at room temperature, to many thousands of centipoise at the same temperature). Many types of instruments have been proposed for the determination of viscosity. The simplest and most widely used are capillary types (ASTM D445), and the viscosity is derived from the equation... 

Source Constituent in paraffin fraction of petroleum. Dodecane may be present in stormwater runoff from asphalted roadways and general use of petroleum oils and tars (quoted, Verschueren). 

Standard Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the n-d-M Method. ASTM D3238-95 (2005). 

Water Separability of Petroleum Oils and Synthetic Fluids... 

The French developed an incendiary can, for throwing into trenches or dugouts, containing about 3 liters of petroleum oil and weighing about 7 lbs. It was provided with a friction igniting and exploding device... 

The early development and present status of petroleum oils as insecticides for use on deciduous fruit trees are reviewed. The biological groups of insects most susceptible to oil sprays are listed. Factors affecting oil deposit are discussed and data are cited to establish relationships between oil deposit and control. The relationship between chemical composition and control efficiency is also discussed. The possible modes of action by which petroleum oils kill insects are considered. Specifications are given for improved dormant spray oil. Current recommendations ifor the use of oil sprays in control of fruit pests occurring in New York State are listed. The possibility of developing more effective hydrocarbon insecticides is discussed. 

Table IL Recommendations for Use of Petroleum Oil in Control of Fruit Pests...

Through successive developments in our knowledge of the use of petroleum oils, the earlier oils of practically unlmown composition have gradually been replaced by safer oils which are effective at lower dosage than heretofore thought possible. Much work remains to be done before the fullest effectiveness is realized of petroleum oils as insecticides. 

There is little doubt that the advent of DDT and other highly effective materials has brought about change in the nature of our insect problems. For example, the apple red bug which was formerly controlled by oil sprays has almost disappeared as a commercial pest in orchards following the adoption of a DDT spray program. On the other hand, the European red mite has become more severe as a result of the general use of DDT. It seems safe to say that the advent of DDT has not decreased the over-all use of petroleum oils as insecticides. 

In considering the continued use of petroleum oils as insecticides, it should be noted... 

Smith (24) conducted intensive studies of the factors involved in the use of oil sprays to control California red scale and other pests of citrus in southern California. He found that insecticidal efficiency and deleterious effect on the trees were closely related to the so-called weight of the spray oil, as indicated by the distillation range, and that this provided a better basis for classification of spray oils than viscosity. The relationship of the unsulfonated residue of petroleum oils to tree injury had been clearly established previ-... 

Figures 3 and 4 indicate that the relations of composition and molecular size to the efficiency of petroleum oils against eggs of the citrus r mite are of the same type, with essentially the same critical values, as those foimd by Pearce, Chapman, and Frear (ff) for eggs of the oriental fruit moth. The ovicidal efficiency is nearly constant above a molecular weight of 340 and falls off very rapidly to indeterminate amounts below this level.

Until further information is obtained on the response of citrus trees to differences in the composition of petroleum oil, estimation of the practical value of the differences indicated between the two series of petroleum fractions on the basis of viscosity, in the control of citrus red mite, is limited. However, the conventional spray oils used in southern Califomia for the control of citrus red mite are applied at dosages six to seven times the LDm values indicated in Figiue 4 for oils having a molecular weight of 340 or above. Proper selection of oils with respect to molecular weight might make it possible to achieve good field control of citrus red mite with applications of much smaller amounts of oil. 

Howard s ( d) pioneer experiment on the use of kerosene against mosquito larvae, published in 1892, is well known. It is not so well known, however, that in 1867 he observed how illuminating oil killed mosquito larvae when he accidentally spilled some oil while filling a lantern over a horse trough infested with wrigglers. When called upon to devise a means for killing mosquitoes in later years, he remembered this incident on his father s farm in his early boyhood and so performed experiments that led to the universal use of petroleum oils as mosquito larvicides. 

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