Oil content of petroleum

Oil content, %, as described in ASTM Standard D721-65T, Oil Content of Petroleum Waxes ... 

ASTM D721, Standard Test Method for Oil Content of Petroleum Waxes, A STM Annual Book of Standards (WestConshohocken, PA American Society for Testing and Materials). 

D721. Oil content of petroleum waxes D850, Distillation of industrial aromatics X X X... 

Martin JH, Siebert AJ, Loehr RC. 1991. Estimating oil and grease content of petroleum-contaminated soil. Journal of Environmental Engineering 117(3) 291-299. 

The sulfur content of petroleum varies from less than 0.05 to more than 14 wt% but generally falls in the range 1 to 4 wt%. Petroleum with less than 1 wt% sulfur is referred to as low-sulfur, and that with more than 1 wt% sulfur is referred to as high-sulfur. The refining industry considers heavy oils, residua, and bitumen to be high-sulfur feedstocks. Hence they are the focus of many conversion and desulfurization scenarios. 

Figure 10. Size distribution of emulsions prepared from Midway-Sunset 26 C crude-oil and NaOH solutions. Oil content of emulsions was 70%. (Reproduced with permission from reference 9. Copyright 1973 Society of Petroleum...

The sulfur content of petroleum containing these compounds is usually quite low but it can be as high as 6% of the total. The more stable oxygen derivatives of hydrocarbons, such as the paraffinic acids, ketones, and phenols (Eq. 18.7), also occur in crude oils. 

Until recently, one of the most widely used methods for determination of total sulfur content has been combustion of a sample in oxygen to convert the sulfur to sulfur dioxide, which is collected and subsequently titrated iodometricaUy or detected by nondispersive infrared (ASTM D-1552). This method is particularly applicable to heavier oil and fractions such as residua that boil above 177°C (350°F) and contain more than 0.06% w/w sulfur. In addition, the sulfur content of petroleum coke containing up to 8% w/w sulfur can be determined. 

Before preparative-scale SFE/SFC trials were undertaken, it was necessary to conduct experiments for both the SFE and SFC stages in order to optimize the processes. The SFE runs yielded an average amount of extract equal to 5.8S g. This equaled to an average yield of 3.49 wt% with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 1.9%. The oil content of the com bran was also determined in triplicate 1 the AOCS Official Method Ac 3-44, which uses petroleum etter as the extraction solvent in a Butt-type extraction apparatus. The organic solvent extraction yielded an average of 3.50 wt% with an RSD of 2.0%, in excellent agreement with the SFE result... 

Refers to the removal of oil from petroleum wax a refinery process usually involving filtering or pressing a chilled mixture of slack wax and a solvent that is miscible in the oil, to lower the oil content of the wax. 

Anelli et al. (1971) studied 27 cultivars of plum grown in Tuscany, Italy. The oil was extracted from the dried seeds in a soxhlet apparatus with petroleum ether. The oil content of the dry seeds ranged from 25 to 53%. Neubeller and Buchloh (1970) reported an oil content of 44% in plum seeds and Luthra et al. (1980) reported 31% oil on the dry basis. Kamel and Kakuda (1992) report similar values and give production statistics for Canada and the United States. 

Sheu, E. Y. Acevedo, S. (2006). A Dielectric Relaxation Study of Precipitation and Curing of Furrial Crude oil. Fuel, Vol.85, No.14-15,1953-1959 Speight, J.S. (2007). The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum. Fourth Edition, CRC Press/Taylor Francis, Boca Raton, FL, USA, ISBN 978-084-9390-67-8 Strausz, O.P. Mojelsky, LT.W. Lown, E.M. (1992). The Molecular Structure of Asphaltene an Unfolding Story. Fuel, Vol.71, No.l2, pp. 1355-1363 UOP 46-85. (1985). Paraffin Wax Content of Petroleum Oils and Asfhalts. UOP Methods, UOP Inc, Des Plaines, IL, USA... 

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