Hydrocarbon resource

Another area of my post-Nobel research that turned into a major continuing effort evolved from the realization that our hydrocarbon resources, the marvelous gift of nature in the form of petroleum oil and natural gas, are finite and not renewable. 

The chemical recycling of carbon dioxide into usable fuels provides a renewable carbon base to supplement and eventually replace our diminishing natural hydrocarbon resources. Methanol (or dimethyl ether), as discussed, can be readily converted into ethylene or, by further reaction, into propylene. 

Coal, tar, and heavy oil fuel reserves are widely distributed throughout the world. In the Western hemisphere, Canada has large tar sand, bitumen (very heavy cmde oil), and coal deposits. The United States has very large reserves of coal and shale. Coal comprises ca 85% of the U.S. recoverable fossil energy reserves (6). Venezuela has an enormous bitumen deposit and Brazil has significant oil shale (qv) reserves. Coal is also found in Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Pern. Worldwide, the total resource base of these reserves is immense and may constitute >90% of the hydrocarbon resources in place (see... 

D. E. Blaser and A. M. Edehnan, "Flexicokiag for Improved Utilization of Hydrocarbon Resources," paper presented at API 43rdMid-Year Meeting, Toronto, Canada, May 8, 1978. 

Hydrocarbon resources can be classified as organic materials which are either mobile such as cmde oil or natural gas, or immobile materials including coal, lignite, oil shales, and tar sands. Most hydrocarbon resources occur as immobile organic materials which have a low hydrogen-to-carbon ratio. However, most hydrocarbon products in demand have a H C higher than 1.0. 

As drilling technology moved the pursuit of hydrocarbon resources into higher-cost offshore and hostile environments, intentionally deviated boreholes required information such as azimuth and inclination that could not be derived by surface instruments. Survey instruments, either lowered on a sand line or dropped into the drill pipe for later retrieval, to some degree satisfied the requirements but consumed expensive rig time and sometimes produced questionable results. 

CHARLES A. MIMS is a Professor of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry at the University of Toronto. He earned his B.Sc. in chemistry at the university of Texas, Austin, and his Ph.D. in physical chemistry at the University of California, Berkeley. He has 15 years of industrial research experience at Exxon, is the author of over 65 research publications, and holds three patents. His research interests focus on catalytic kinetics in various energy and hydrocarbon resource conversion reactions, and the fundamentals of surface reactions. 

The Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB), renowned for their hydrocarbon resources, are seldom considered to have potential to host base metal sulphide mineralization. These sedimentary rocks have also discouraged those who presumed that the Precambrian rocks of the Canadian Shield to the east and north are more favourable hosts of base metal mineralization (ctMacqueen 1997). 

The Society of Petroleum Engineers (SPE) and the World Petroleum Congress (WPC) developed a probabilistic hydrocarbon-resource classification scheme, that takes into account the probability with which a reserve can be produced (SPE, 2007) 4 but such a probabilistic assessment is also subject to a potential level of misinterpretation.5 Finally, as for resources, very few estimates exist, and those estimates that do exist are also subject to considerable uncertainty and the speculative character is even more pronounced than for reserves.6 BGR (2003) refers to resources as those quantities that are geologically demonstrated, but at present... 

Azerbaijan is attracting interests of western companies not least for its rich hydrocarbon resources, but also because of its key location for the Caspian oil and gas export to international markets. 

Hydrocarbon resource resources such as petroleum and natural gas that can produce naturally occurring hydrocarbons without the application of conversion processes. 

The chemical reactions that accompany the extraction of volatiles (1) from hydrocarbon resources are frequently obscured by the complexities of the reaction system. In contrast, the comparative simplicity of model compound structures and product spectra permit resolution of reaction fundamentals 2) and subsequent inference of the factors that control real reacting systems. Herein is described the use of model compounds to probe the kinetics of pyrolysis and solvolysis reactions that likely occur during the extraction of volatiles from coals and lignins. 

Blaser, D.E. Edelman, A.M., FLEXICOKING for Improved Utilization of Hydrocarbon Resources, paper presented at the API 43rd Mid-year Meeting, Toronto, Canada,... 

Thus, energy policy makers face an exceptionally severe challenge. They must find politically acceptable ways to produce and market the remaining oil and gas resources in quantities and at prices which do not impair the capabilities of the industrialized world to manage the transition to inexhaustible energy forms. They must determine the path of the transition Is it to rely primarily on the still abundant coal, bitumen and marginal hydrocarbon resources in conjunction with synthetic fuels and a moderate increase in electrification Or, is it to follow a high electrification scenario based on coal and/or nuclear fission ... 

In the United States, the traumatic realization that energy self-sufficiency had been lost led to the first Presidential pronouncement of an overall energy policy in 1971. It advocated programs to increase the development of domestic hydrocarbon resources, to use more coal in environmentally acceptable ways, to develop synthetic substitutes for crude oil and natural gas, and to provide more electricity by nuclear fission. The top priority for Federal support was the liquid metal fast breeder... 

The economic significance of the Black Sea region is determined, first of all, by its transport and pipeline potentialities and recreation resources. Fishery is also retained in the region s economy, although, under the present-day conditions, its significance has strongly decreased. The role of hydrocarbon resources, to date, has been restricted to oil and gas prospecting in the shelf areas of the sea. 

The strong waves that develop during storms create serious obstacles for practical activities in the sea and on the coasts, such as dangers for navigation, destruction of coastal constructions, and, recently, from losses at the prospecting and extraction of hydrocarbon resources. In some cases, the storm activity is enhanced by local winds owing to the orographic effects. 

Because of the current prices of petroleum in world markets, with no sign of a reduction in the near future, the development of hydrocarbon resources in India in the form of coal should be of primary importance and research funds should be expended in this direction. India s coal re-... 

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