Effect of Hydrocarbons

Fig. XI-14. Effect of hydrocarbon chain length on the f potential of quartz in solutions of alkylammonium acetates and in solutions of ammonium acetate. (From Ref. 183.)...

Eganhouse, R.P., Calder, I. A. (1976) The solubility of medium molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons and the effects of hydrocarbon co-solutes and salinity. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 40, 555-561. 

The scope of this book is to provide a practical knowledge and guidance in the understanding of prevention and mitigation principals and methodologies from the effects of hydrocarbon fires and explosions. The Chemical Process Industry (CPI), presents several different concerns that this book does not intend to address. However the basic protection features of the Hydrocarbon Process Industry (HPI) are also applicable to the chemical process industry and other related process industries. 

Dimitriades, B. Effects of hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides on photochemical smog formation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 6 253-260, 1972. 

Korth, M. W., A. H. Rose, Jr., and R. C. Stahman. Effects of hydrocarbon to oxides of nitrogen ratios on irradiated auto exhaust. Part I. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 14 168-175, 1964. 

Pellissier, M., N. L. Lacasse, C. D. Ercegovich, and H. Cole, Jr. Effects of hydrocarbon wax emulsion sprays in reducing visible ozone injury to Phaseolus vulgaris Pinto 111. Plant Dis. Reptr. 56 6-9, 1972. 

MacIntyre, W.G. and deFur, P.O. The effect of hydrocarbon mixtures on adsorption of substituted naphthalenes by clay and sediment from water, Chemosphere, 14(1) 103-111, 1985. 

Scala RA Comments on Structure-Activity Relationships, Summary and Concluding Remarks, pp IM. Unpublished addendum to Workshop on the Kidney Effects of Hydrocarbons. Boston, 1984... 

Table I. Effect of Hydrocarbon Branching on Octane Number...

Effect of Hydrocarbon Molecular Structure on Ionization from Catalytic Oxidation in Air. Figure 1 shows the data for the ion yields obtained for several hydrocarbons during oxidation in air over a platinum filament in the approximate temperature range of 400° to 900°C. The hydrocarbons fall into two broad categories those which produced about 0.04 coulomb per mole of hydrocarbon oxidized, and those which produced about 1.0 coulomb or more per mole. The latter yield is similar to that obtained during combustion of hydrocarbons in a hydrogen flame... 

The Effect of Hydrocarbon Chain Length on the Adsorption of Sulfonates at the Solid/Water Interface... 

Figures 3 to 5 show some effects of hydrocarbon structure on maximum burning velocity (30, 32, Jfi, 72). Figure 3 deals with straight-chain alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alkadienes, and allenes Figure 4 shows the effects of methyl substitution in four-carbon-atom alkane, alkene, alkyne, and alkadiene molecules. In general, the burning velocity decreases with increased chain length or methyl substitution, except for the alkanes,...

The effects of hydrocarbon structure on maximum burning velocity have been correlated empirically (39). Each type of C—H bond was considered to make a separate contribution, as shown by the following expression ... 

Emission of cool flame radiation is associated with an early stage in the preflame reactions of most hydrocarbons, as evidenced by the fact that the appearance of cool flames occurs at the same time as the initial pressure development. At a later time in the cycle a second radiation phenomena, described as a blue flame, has been observed under certain conditions (36, 124). A second cool flame also occurring late in the cycle may be the same phenomenon (81, 103, 131). While the importance of cool flame and blue flame phenomena in the over-all reaction mechanism is not fully understood, their occurrences can be used to mark certain stages in the course of the preflame reactions. This principle has been used extensively in studying the effect of hydrocarbon structure, physical variables, and additives on engine preknock reactions. 

Figure 6.3 Effects of hydrocarbon chain modifications on melting points of similar-sized cuticular lipids. When lipids melt, the absorption frequency of C-H symmetric stretching vibrations increases from -2849 cm1 to -2854 cm4. From right to left, compounds are (chemical change relative to n-alkane, molecular mass in daltons) filled circles, n-dotnacontane (no change, 450) open circles, palmitic acid myristyl ester (wax ester, 452) filled triangles, 13-methylhentriacontane (methyl-branched alkane, 450) open triangles, (Z)-13-tritriacontene (double bond, 462) filled squares, 9,13-dimethylhentriacontane (2 methyl branches, 464) open squares, oleic acid oleyl ester (2 double bonds and an ester link, 532). Data from Gibbs and Pomonis (1995) and Patel el al. (2001).

Deuterium NMR (2H-NMR) is a powerful technique to obtain information on both the degree of order and the molecular dynamics of liquid crystalline media. It has extensively been used on model as well as natural membranes. Deuterium NMR has been used as a probe to investigate chain packing in lipid bilayers, and the effects of hydrocarbons and alcohols and their location in the membrane have been determined [123]. 

Effect of hydrocarbon enthalpy of formation and hydrogen to carbon ratio on performance with liquid oxygen as rocket propellants (sea level specific impulse, Pc = 1000 psia, equilibrium expansion, mixture ratio of maximum specific impulse). 

Table V. G. 2 - Effect of Hydrocarbon Enthalpy of Formation and Hydrogen to...

Reaction rate oscillations have been observed during the oxidation reaction of CO over Pt/y-Al203 catalysts. The technique of IR transmission spectroscopy has been utilized to monitor the surface state of the catalyst under both steady-state and oscillatory conditions. The effect of hydrocarbon impurities and catalyst deactivation on the dynamic behavior of the system has also been investigated. 

Carberry et al. [2] have observed a startling effect of hydrocarbon impurities on the oscillatory behavior in their system. Oscillations were observed when an "Impure" O2 was used and disappeared when the "impure" O2 was replaced by an "ultrapure" O2. The only apparent difference between the "ultrapure" and the "impure" O2 is a 30 ppm Impurity of hydrocarbons. 

The Oscillatory Behavior. We have so far focused our attention on three questions (a) Does an oscillatory regime exist for this reaction system (b) What is the effect of hydrocarbon impurities and (c) What is the effect of catalyst deactivation on the dynamic behavior ... 

Wakisaka K. 1986. Studies on biological effects of hydrocarbons. IV. Effects of inhaled automobile exhaust on the cardiovascular and respiratory system in rabbits. Kanagawa-ken Taiki Osen Chosa Kenkyu Hokoku 27 178-193. (Japanese)... 

Prepare a concept map to illustrate the effects of hydrocarbons on our society and the environment. 

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