Nutritional induction

Shimano, H., Yahagi, N., Amemiya-Kudo, M., Hasty, A. H., Osuga, J., Tamura, Y., Shionoiri, F., Iizuka, Y., Ohashi, K., Harada, K., et al. (1999) Sterol regulatory elementbinding protein-1 as akey transcription factor for nutritional induction of lipogenic enzyme genes. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 35840-35844. 

S. Santi, A. de Marco, G. Locci, S. Cesco, R. Pinton, and Z. Varanini. Possible involvement of root plasma membrane H -ATPa.se isoforms in the induction of nitrate tran.sport. Proc. 6th hit. Symp. Genetics and Molecular Biology of Plant Nutrition. Elsinore, Denmark, 1998, Mbl. 

K. Kanazawa, T. Ohata, G. Miha,shi, S. Fushiya, N. Nishizawa, M. Chino, and S. Mori, Inductions of two enzyme activities involved in biosynthesis of mugineic acid in Fe deficient barley roots. Iron Nutrition in Soils and Plants (J. Abadia ed.), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1995, p. 37. 

Mehansho, H., Butler, L. G., and Carlson, D. M. (1987). Dietary tannins and salivary proline-rich proteins interactions, induction, and defense mechanism. Ann Review of Nutrition 7,423-440. 

During the acute phase of thyrotoxicosis, B-adrenoceptor blocking agents without intrinsic sympathomimetic activity are extremely helpful. Propranolol, 20-40 mg orally every 6 hours, will control tachycardia, hypertension, and atrial fibrillation. Propranolol is gradually withdrawn as serum thyroxine levels return to normal. Diltiazem, 90-120 mg three or four times daily, can be used to control tachycardia in patients in whom blockers are contraindicated, eg, those with asthma. Other calcium channel blockers may not be as effective as diltiazem. Adequate nutrition and vitamin supplements are essential. Barbiturates accelerate T4 breakdown (by hepatic enzyme induction) and may be helpful both as sedatives and to lower T4... 

The influence of diet on drug metabolism, disposition, and toxicity consists of many constituent factors. Food additives and naturally occurring contaminants in food may influence the activities of various enzymes by induction or inhibition. However, these factors are discussed in a later section Enzyme induction and Inhibition. The factors with which this section will be concerned are the nutritional aspects of diet. 

Melatonin has been promoted as a treatment for conditions ranging from jet lag to cancer (1,3-5) and is sometimes used for sleep induction (1) and shift work (6). Because melatonin is present in small amounts in some foods, it is licensed as a nutritional supplement in the USA. 

In addition to cytochrome P-450 induction, other diet induced metabolic effects are likely to be involved in carcinogenesis. High temperature processing or long-term storage of foods with attendant exposure to oxygen can lead to the formation of lipid peroxides and oxidized sulfur amino acids in the food. The partially oxidized S-amino acids cystine monoxide (CMO) and methionine sulfoxide (MSO) are nutritionally available, but require in vivo conversion to the reduced amino acids at the... 

Nutritional status determines effects of therapeutic drugs and recognition of these factors should lead to improved drug therapy. Pharmacokinetics are changed by a person s diet but metabolic tissue and cellular effects are not well understood. Biochemical transformations and enzyme inductions that decrease or increase toxicity of drugs are discussed and numerous examples given. 

Human CYP2E1 is one of the most efficient P450s to catalyze the oxidation of acetaminophen to NAPQI (157-159). Ethanol and isoniazid cause a time-dependent inhibition and induction of acetaminophen oxidation to NAPQI in humans (160,161) that can decrease risk for hepatotoxicity over the interval of concurrent administration and increase risk for hepatotoxicity a few hours after removal of ethanol or isoniazid. The latter induction phase of CYP2E1 may, in part, be responsible for cases of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity associated with the use of ethanol (162-165) or isoniazid (166-168). However, the induction is modest (2- to 3-fold) therefore, other susceptibility factors, genetic and others such as decreased glutathione stores and nutritional status, are likely to play an important role in some individuals (169-174). 

Kao, P-T., and T.T. Puck. Genetics of somatic mammalian cells. VII. Induction and isolation of nutritional mutants in Chinese hamster cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 60 1275-1281, 1968. 

Once a chemical enters the body of animal or human, it undergoes metabolic reaction. A host of factors modulate the reaction rate and the induction of toxicological effects. These factors have been termed intrinsic factors and include animal species, gender, age, nutritional status, pregnancy, other health status, and circadian rhythms. In addition, there are certain extrinsic factors (e.g., physicochemical properties of chemicals, solvent or vehicle, route of exposure, temperature, and humidity) during exposure to chemicals that also influence the effect of a test chemical. We shall discuss these factors in greater detail. 

D.V. Parke, The effects of nutrition and enzyme induction in toxicology. World Rev. Nutr. Dietetics 29 96, 1978. 

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry ICP-AES is a technique half-way between FAAS and ET-AAS in terms of detection power. Among all ICP-AES features its robustness against matrix effects and its ability to carry out multielemental analysis predominate as the most advantageous [76-80], Multielemental analysis has also been successfully used to establish reference values [6, 76, 81-84] for many major and trace essential elements in different matrices of biological and nutritional interest, particularly in milk samples [81-83], Reference values for minor and trace element in human milk are collected in Table 13.8. 

K. M. Hua, M. Kay, H. E. Indyk, Nutritional element analysis in infant formulas by direct dispersion and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, Food Chem., 68 (2000), 463-470. 

More detailed metabolic flux analyses on both nutritional states revealed that the energetic parameters, namely Tatp and Tnadph/x, are changed noticeably after induction when using pymvate as carbon source compared to growth on glucose. For pyruvate, a decrease of about 50% of the Tatp value from 13.2 to 7.0 gBM mol-1 combined with a twofold increase of the TNadph/x value from... 

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