Sleep induction

Sitaram, N., Wyatt, R. J., Dawson, S. Gillin, J. C. (1976). REM sleep induction by physostigmine infusion during sleep. Science 191, 1281-3. 

Semba, K. (1993). Aminergic and cholinergic afferents to REM sleep induction regions of the pontine reticular formation in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 330, 543-56. 

Pollock, M. S. Mistlberger, R. E. (2003). Rapid eye movement sleep induction by microinjection of the GABA-A antagonist bicuculline into the dorsal subcoeruleus area of the rat. Brain Res. 962, 68-77. 

Saper, C. B., Sherin, J. E. Elmquist, J. K. (1997). Role of the ventrolateral preoptic area in sleep induction. In Sleep and Sleep Disorders From Molecule to Behavior, ed. O. Hayaishi S. Inoue, pp. 281-94. Tokyo Academic Press. 

Vollrath, L., Semm, P. Gammel, G. (1981). Sleep induction by intranasal administration of melatonin. Adv. Biosci. 29, 327-9. 

Figure 12.3 Sections of rat brain at 0.2 mm anterior to bregma (B + 0.2), and 0.3 and 0.8 mm posterior (B - 0.3, B - 0.8), showing areas relevant to adenosine influences on sleep induction. HDB, horizontal diagonal band MCPO, magnocellular preoptic nucleus VLPO, ventrolateral preoptic nucleus ac, anterior commissure ox, optic chiasm.

NG2-73 is a GABAa receptor partial agonist that, according to the information given by the company, modulates preferentially the a3 subunit - a subunit that is hypothesized to be associated with sleep induction - and is undergoing phase II trials for chronic insomnia with primary endpoints measuring sleep onset as well as maintenance (no structure disclosed) [25]. 

Currently the safety and efficacy of 20 is being evaluated in a Phase II study. The program is focused on the evaluation of the sleep induction and maintenance in insomnia patients but also will attempt to demonstrate orexin antagonists effects on improved sleep and side effect profiles compared to current GABAa receptor modulators. 

Hypnotic Short-term treatment of insomnia, because barbiturates appear to lose their effectiveness in sleep induction and maintenance after 2 weeks. If insomnia persists, seek alternative therapy (including nondrug) for chronic insomnia. Preanesthetic Used as preanesthetic sedatives. 

Adenosine 2a receptor ADORA2A Agonism Inhibition of platelet aggregation, anti-inflammation and neuroprotective effects, coronary vasodilation, decreased blood pressure, increased plasma renin activity and sleep induction. Antagonism Increased platelet aggregation, hypertension, nervousness (tremor, agitation), arousal, insomnia, cerebral and coronary vasodilation (in microvessels only). 

Paraldehyde, although not a drug of first choice, can be used for sleep induction. It is also still considered to be of some value in the treatment of status epilepticus. 

Many Hj-receptor blocking drugs have sedative properties, and some have been used in over-the-counter sleep aids. The most widely used Hj-blocking drugs for sleep induction are diphenhydramine, promethazine, and pyrilamine. 

PGD2 DP A mediator of allergic asthma [12], sleep induction [13]... 

Comparisons of sleep laboratory findings in depressed patients with those in patients with other psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, dementia, anorexia, and anxiety disorders, showed that a reduction in sleep efficiency is not only seen in depression (Benca et al. 1992 Ganguli et al. 1987 Hiatt et al. 1985 Insel et al. 1982b Levy et al. 1988 Loewenstein et al. 1982 T. A. Mellman and Uhde 1989 Neil et al. 1980 Papadimitriou et al. 1988 Prinz et al. 1982 C. F. Reynolds et al. 1983 Stern et al. 1969 Walsh et al. 1985). Nonetheless, with the exception of schizophrenic patients, depressed patients have the most severely affected indices of sleep induction and maintenance (Benca et al. 1992). 

Mendelson WB, Martin JW, Perlis M, et al Sleep induction by an adrenal steroid in the rat. Psychopharmacology 93 226-229, 1987b... 

Melatonin has been promoted as a treatment for conditions ranging from jet lag to cancer (1,3-5) and is sometimes used for sleep induction (1) and shift work (6). Because melatonin is present in small amounts in some foods, it is licensed as a nutritional supplement in the USA. 

Heuser G, Ling GM, Kluver M. Sleep induction by progesterone in the pre-optic area in cats. Electroceph Clin Neurophysiol 1967 22 122-127. 

Bourgin P, Ahnaou A, Laporte AM, Hamon M, Adrien J. Rapid eye movement sleep induction by vasoactive intestinal peptide infused into the oral pontine tegmentum of the rat may involve muscarinic receptors. Neuroscience 1999 89 291-302. 

Kohlmeier KA, Reiner PB. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide excites medial pontine reticular formation neurons in the brainstem rapid eye movement sleep-induction zone. J Neurosci 1999 19 4073-81. 

Sitaram N, Nurnberger JI, Gershon ES (1980) Faster cholinergic REM sleep induction in euthymic patients with primary affective illness. Science 20 200-201... 

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