Nomenclature with carboxylic acid

The IUPAC nomenclature for carboxylic acids uses the name of the alkane that corresponds to the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms. The final -e in the alkane name is replaced by the suffix -ok acid. The chain is numbered, starting with the carboxyl... 

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Salts Salts of carboxylic acids are named simply by naming the cation, then naming the carboxylate ion by replacing the -ic acid part of the acid name with -ate. The preceding example shows that sodium hydroxide reacts with acetic acid to form sodium acetate. The following examples show the formation and nomenclature of some other salts ... 

Tire systematic lUPAC nomenclature for carboxylic acids requires the longest carbon chain of the molecule to be identified and the -e of alkane name to be replaced with -oic acid. 

The systematic approach for naming dicarboxylic acids (alkanes with carboxylic acids on either end) is the same as for carboxylic acids, except that the suffix is -dioic acid. Common name Nomenclature of dicarboxylic acids is aided by the acronym OMSGAP (Om s Gap), where each letter stands for the first letter of the first seven names for each dicarboxylic acid, starting from the simplest. 

In systematic nomenclature, a carboxylic acid is named by replacing the terminal e of the alkane name with oic acid. For example, the one-carbon alkane is methane, so the one-carbon carboxylic acid is methano/c acid. 

A carboxylic acid with two COOH units is known as a dicarboxylic acid, or dioic acid. The molecule H02C-(CH2)3-C02H, for example, is named 1,5-pentanedioic acid. These compounds and more about the nomenclature of carboxylic acids are presented in Chapter 16 (Section 16.4). 

Nucleophiles react with aldehydes or ketones by acyl addition to generate alkoxide in a reaction known as acyl addition. A second chemical step converts the alkoxide product to an alcohol in an acid-base reaction 1,15,16, 28, 34, 35, 40, 42. Nomenclature for carboxylic acids and dicarboxylic acids 17, 18,19,31, 37. 

Sulfonyl chloride 178 also has the common name oimesyl chloride. Another very common derivative is 4-methylbenzenesulfonyl chloride (179), also called />am-toluenesulfonyl chloride, which is also called tosyl chloride) (nomenclature for benzene-containing compounds is discussed in Chapter 21). This particular compound is introduced here because it so common and clearly fits into this section. Thionyl bromide (SOBrg) converts sulfonic acids to the corresponding sulfonyl bromide. This reaction is exactly analogous to the reactions with carboxylic acids. 

The nomenclature for carboxylic acids follows the familiar pattern of adding the functional group name -oic acid to the named hydrocarbon chain except that the common names formic acid and acetic acid are still widely accepted. Thus, formic acid is methanoic acid, acetic acid is ethanoic acid, propionic acid is propanoic acid, and -butyric acid is butanoic acid. The CAS numbers (Chemical Abstract Service, American Chemical Society) for the carboxylic acids are listed in Table 6.1 along with the physical properties. The CAS numbers refer to the major carboxylic acid component. Refer to the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for CAS numbers of any minor impurities in the solvent. 

The common method of naming aldehydes corresponds very closely to that of the related acids (see Carboxylic acids), in that the term aldehyde is added to the base name of the acid. For example, formaldehyde (qv) comes from formic acid, acetaldehyde (qv) from acetic acid, and butyraldehyde (qv) from butyric acid. If the compound contains more than two aldehyde groups, or is cycHc, the name is formed using carbaldehyde to indicate the functionaUty. The lUPAC system of aldehyde nomenclature drops the final e from the name of the parent acycHc hydrocarbon and adds al If two aldehyde functional groups are present, the suffix -dialis used. The prefix formjlis used with polyfunctional compounds. Examples of nomenclature types are shown in Table 1. 

The CRU is named using replacement nomenclature ( a nomenclature) [3,8], N.B. In replacement a nomenclature as conventionally applied to acyclic structures with several heteroatoms, terminal heteroatoms are not designated with a prefixes but are named as characteristic groups of the structure, i.e., as hydroxy, amino, carboxylic acid, etc. However, heteroatoms in such positions within the CRUs of ladder or spiro polymer molecules are not terminal units and the stmctures are not acyclic. Consequently, such atoms are designated with a prefixes, and thereby the simplicity afforded by the application of replacement nomenclature to polymer molecules is enhanced. 

The nomenclature for this homologous series is somewhat confused. The term PANs has been used historically to denote peroxyacyl nitrates, and this terminology continues to be used extensively in the literature, despite the lack of adherence to traditional IUPAC rules of nomenclature. Because the PANs can be considered to be mixed anhydrides of carboxylic acids and nitric acid, another suggestion (Roberts, 1990) has been peroxyacetic nitric anhydride for CH,C(0)00NO2 and peroxy carboxylic nitric anhydrides for the whole class of compounds. Although it does not follow the IUPAC rules, it would be consistent with the widespread use of the name PAN but also reflect the structure more accurately. Table 6.20 shows the structures and commonly used names of some PANs that have been observed in the atmosphere and/or in laboratory studies. 

The common ones are given in Table 16-1, with conventions of nomenclature that involve changes of the name of the corresponding carboxylic acid the G group is shown in bold type. 

As the number of known organic molecules increased, a systematic approach to nomenclature was required. To minimize confusion in communicating chemical information, a name should be consistent with other systems in use and should clearly define the structure of a molecule. Specialists in organic chemistry7 have developed nomenclatures that are logical for their disciplines, thus devising systems for naming alcohols, antibiotics, carboxylic acids, etc. 

The lithium salt of A/-ethy)ethanamine (diethylamine) is called lithium diethylamide,4 but this nomenclature can lead to confusion With compounds of the type RC02NH2, which are derived from carboxylic acids and also are... 

The accepted conventional nomenclature based on the cepham (the fused /3-lactam-perhydrothiazine system) is used throughout this chapter. Carbon atom bonded to C-3 has been numbered as C-10 (or C-3 ). Stereochemistry at C-7 is specified either as absolute configuration R/S, or as a//3 depending on the orientation of the substituent, below or above the plane, respectively. The above abbreviated common names and numbering for the cephalosporins should not be confused with the IUPAC systematic nomenclature as used by Chemical Abstract, which, for example, designates 7-ACA as (6/3,7/3)-3-(acctoxymcthyl)-7-amino-8-oxo-5-thia-l-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid. 

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