Formic acid from

Detection and result The TLC plate was dried in the air for 30 min and heated to 110 °C for 10 min in order to remove the formic acid from the mobile phase, before immersing the chromatogram in the reagent solution for 10 s. 

Isothermal a—time curves were sigmoid [1024] for the anhydrous Ca and Ba salts and also for Sr formate, providing that nucleation during dehydration was prevented by refluxing in 100% formic acid. From the observed obedience to the Avrami—Erofe ev equation [eqn. (6), n = 4], the values of E calculated were 199, 228 and 270 kJ mole"1 for the Ca, Sr and Ba salts, respectively. The value for calcium formate is in good agreement with that obtained [292] for the decomposition of this solid dispersed in a pressed KBr disc. Under the latter conditions, concentrations of both reactant (HCOJ) and product (CO3") were determined by infrared measurements and their variation followed first-order kinetics. 

Removal of formic acid from industrial waste streams with sodium hypochlorite solution becomes explosive at 55°C. 

In the determination of formic acid in more complicated reaction-mixtures (for example, in the presence of buffers,22 69a in solutions containing non-volatile acids,49- 67 and in solutions containing ammonia234), it was necessary to distil the formic acid from the reaction solution (after destruction of the excess periodate with ethylene glycol or arsenite) before it could be titrated. 

A different technique utilizes the Warburg respirometer to measure the carbon dioxide liberated by formic acid from a dilute, sodium bicarbonate solution.84 286 Successful application of the method necessitates a pH value of 5.7, which is somewhat high for optimal periodate oxidations, but good results were reported in experiments on a number of materials, including polysaccharides. The procedure is applicable to very small amounts and does not require prior destruction of periodate. 

Mix 0.25M substituted benzaldehyde, 0.3M nitroethane, 50 ml dry toluene and 5 ml n-butylamine (or other amine), and reflux 3 hours with a Dean-Stark trap (or prepare the nitro-propene as described elsewhere here). Add 50 g iron powder and 1 g FeCl3 optional) and reflux while adding 90 ml concentrated HCI over 3 hours. Reflux 1 hour more, add 2 liters of water and extract 3 times with ether, then dry and evaporate in vacuum (or steam distill until about 3.5 liters of distillate is obtained extract the distillate 3 times with toluene wash the toluene layers with 7 g NaHS03 in 225 ml of water, then 3 times with water and dry, evaporate in vacuum) to get the ketone. Mix 0.13M ketone, 28 g formamide (or dimethyl-formamide if the N.N-dimethylamine is desired) and 3 ml formic acid and heat at 160°. Add 3 more ml formic acid and heat 16 hours at 170-180° adding formic acid from time to time to keep the pH acid. Distill off the water formed (about 16 ml), cool and extract with 3X70 ml benzene. Distill off the benzene and reflux the residue 7 hours with 30 ml concentrated HCI. Chill, basify with 10% NaOH and extract with 3X70 ml ether. Dry and evaporate the ether in... 

Reductive Elimination of Formic Acid from Transition-Metal Formate Complexes... 

As shown in Figure 1, the next step in the catalytic cycle of carbon dioxide hydrogenation is either reductive elimination of formic acid from the transition-metal formate hydride complex or CT-bond metathesis between the transition-metal formate complex and dihydrogen molecule. In this section, we will discuss the reductive elimination process. Activation barriers and reaction energies for different reactions of this type are collected in Table 3. 

The other reaction path to obtain formic acid from the transition metal formate complex is metathesis with a dihydrogen molecule. This reaction course has been proposed experimentally, but no clear evidence has been reported so far. Energetics of this reaction from different complexes and with a variety of methods are collected in Table 4. 

On periodate oxidation, open-chain (1— 4)-linked polysaccharides yield one molecule of formic acid from the nonreducing end and two molecules of formic acid, as well as one molecule of formaldehyde, from the reducing end. 

Tributyl amine, palladium acetate, triphenyl phosphine from Fluka AG and N,N-dimethylformamide and formic acid from Farmitalia Carlo Erba Chemicals were used without further purification. 

Formic acid from any of these sources is obtained in the concentrated state by decomposing plumbic formate with sulphuretted hydrogen, and a nrarda rectifying the amd over plumbic fonuato —... 

The polymer precipitates immediately and stirring is continued for an additional 5 min. The polymer is filtered, boiled in water for 15 min, filtered, dried under reduced pressure at 70°C to afford a quantitative yield of polymer, inherent viscosity 0.31 (sulfuric acid), polymer melt temperature 306°C. The polymer is soluble in formic acid from which a film can be cast. 

Atmospheric oxidation of methane, 81 dimethyl peroxide from, 81 formaldehyde from, 81 formic acid from, 81... 

Consideration of reasonable mechanisms for producing formic acid from an aldose led to the hypothesis that the sugar forms an addition product with the hydroperoxide anion, comparable with an aldehyde sulfite or the addition product of aldoses with chlorous acid (52). The intermediate product (12) could decompose by a free-radical or an ionic mechanism. In the absence of a free-radical catalyst, the ionic mechanism of Scheme VIII seems probable. By either mechanism the products are formic acid and the next lower sugar. The lower sugar then repeats the process, with the result that the aldose is degraded stepwise to formic acid. Addition of the hydroperoxide anion to the carbonyl carbon is in accord with its strong nucleophilic character (53) and with certain reaction mechanisms suggested in the literature (54) for related substances. 

Nitrated Chitin or Chi tin Nitrate, [C6H702-(0N02)2.NH.C0.CH3] n mw (293.19)n, N l4.33%(found 7.5% nitrate N) wh fibrous flakes, ignites ca 163° burns vigorously thermally stable by Abel Test insol in most solvs partially sol in formic acid(from which it is repptd by w) sol in coned H2S04 or HCl(from which it is not repptd by w) various org solvs such as benz, tetralin, aniline, nitrobenz, phenol, pyridine furfural cause it to swell it is completely denitrated by NaSH in 3 hrs at 16°(Ref 3)... 

It should be noted that the production of formic acid from C02 and H2 proceeds with a net increase in free energy under ambient conditions, but that an increased pressure of H2 and C02 will shift the equilibrium favorably. When alkyl formates or formamides are produced from C02, H2, and the amine or alcohol, the stability of the water formed in the reaction provides a powerful driving force, and the thermodynamics of these reaction are favorable under ambient conditions. 

Two parallel routes for the elimination of glycol formate are suggested, involving either reaction with H2 or with cocatalyst water. The detection of formic acid in the reaction products suggests another mechanism, with initial production of formic acid from H2 and C02, followed by reaction with the oxirane. This mechanism is not favored however since the yields of glycol formates varied substantially when various substituted oxiranes were reacted. This would not have been expected in a mechanism with formic acid as an intermediate. A third mechanism, not considered by the authors, could proceed through initial production of propylene carbonate, followed by reduction to the mono- or di-formate. 

Figure 24-6. Liquid density of aqueous formic acid from OX to - 30 C.

The aqueous oxidation of D-[l-14C]glucose and D-[6-14C]glucose at 100 °C afforded formic, acetic, and glycolic acids, and carbon dioxide. The last is mainly produced from C-2 to C-5, the formic acid from C-l, and the acetic acid from C-6.96 Addition of aluminum(III) chloride greatly increased the yield of carbon dioxide. Oxidation of D-glucose and D-fructose, studied with lsO-enriched oxygen, showed that they decompose via the C-l and C-2 hydroperoxides to give D-erythronic acid as the main product.76... 

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