2-Nitropropane toxicity

Inhalation is the chief route of worker exposure. Comparative data from acute or subchronic inhalation exposures with rats (98) indicate that nitromethane and nitroethane are the least toxic of the nitroparaffins by this route and do not induce methemoglobin formation. The nitropropanes are less well tolerated 2-nitropropane is more toxic than 1-nitropropane and is more likely to cause methemoglobinemia. 

Environmental Concerns. Few data on the environmental effects of the nitroparaffins are available. However, they are known to be of low toxicity to the fathead minnow (109). Based on their uv spectra, the nitroparaffins would be expected to undergo photolysis in the atmosphere. The estimated half-life of 2-nitropropane in the atmosphere is 3.36 h (110). Various values have been determined for the half-life of nitromethane, but it is similar to 2-nitropropane in persistence (111). Reviews of the available data on the environmental effects of nitromethane and 2-nitropropane have been pubhshed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (112,113). 

When disposed of, all the nitroparaffins are considered to be hazardous waste. AH have the characteristic of ignitabHity however, 2-nitropropane also is a Hsted hazardous waste (U171) because of its toxicity. The preferred method of disposal is by incineration. GeneraHy, the nitroparaffins must be... 

Nltropropane. As much as 9100 t of 2-nitropropane once were consumed for use in coatings annually. Concern about toxicity and a general movement to low volatile organic compound (VOC) coatings have resulted in almost the complete disappearance of this use for 2-nitropropane. However, derivatives such as 2-meth5l-2-nitro-l-propanol (used in tire cord adhesive) and 2-amino-2-methyl-l-propanol (a pigment dispersant and buffer), have served as an outlet for 2-nitropropane production. 

Although this method is aot a geaeral procedure, bemg specific for ct-nitroketoues, k has several merits to avoid the use of toxic reageuts such as organodn compounds Functionalized ketones have been prepared by this denitration reaction, in which functionalized nitroalkanes are used as alkyl anion synthons For example, 3-nitropropanal ethylene acetal can be used as synthon of the 3-oxo-propyl anion and 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds are prepared, as shovm In Eq 7 88... 

SI sol in w (1.7ml/100ml) 0.6ml w dissolves in 100ml of 2-Nitropropane misc with many org solvents. Prepn, toxicity, hazard potential and uses are the same as for 1-Nitropropane... 

Similarly, the reaction of nitro compounds with the M-Boc aromatic imines 86 occurred in the presence of the enantiopure protic catalyst 87, which is a white, crystalline bench-stable salt [52] (Scheme 15). The reactions of ni-tromethane, very slow at - 20 °C, were accelerated in the presence of 10 mol % of 87, and the /3-amino compounds 88 were obtained with moderate yields and moderate to high enantioselectivities. Positive results were also obtained in the corresponding reactions of nitropropane to give the products 90. Hence, the primary diamines 89 and 91 are available by this route, which is advantageous for the significantly lower cost and toxicity of the catalyst and its easy removal from the reaction mixture simply by a basic wash. These results should stimulate further research on the development of new acid-catalyzed systems. 

Mercuric chloride, other mercury-containing antibacterials and silver will inhibit enzymes in the membrane, and for that matter in the cytoplasm, which contain thiol, -SH, groups. A similar achon is shown by 2-bromo-2-nitropropan-l,3-diol (bronopol) and iso-thiazolones. Under appropriate condihons the toxic action on cell thiol groups may be reversed by addition of an extrinsic thiol compound, for example cysteine or thioglycollic aeid (see also Chapters 12 and 23). 

Dow/Chirotech [35, 36], Topcro Pharma [37] as well as by Solvias [38] using Rh-DuPhos catalysts (Fig. 37.6). Besides these successful examples, a process using Rh-DuPhos was abandoned because of reproducibility problems due to impurities carried over from the preceding step, and because of concerns about the toxicity of 2-nitropropane, even though ee-values of 99% were achieved [39]. 

Lewis TR, Ulrich CE, Busey WM Subchronic inhalation toxicity of nitromethane and 2-nitropropane. J Environ Pathol Toxicol 2 233-249, 1979... 

This study was designed to evaluate the performance of commonly used biocides against the performance of a new liquid blend. In order to choose an effective preservative package, the two main criteria the biocide must have, are (i) to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under sections 21 CFR 176.170 and 21 CFR 176.180 which cover components of paper and paperboard in contact with foods and (ii) to be designated as a safe biocide (low toxicity, non-sensitiser, easy to handle). The three most commonly used products (i) 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one + 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, (ii) 1,5-pentanedial and (iii) l,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one, currently meet the above criteria. The new liquid blend, l,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane -I- 2-bro-mo-2-nitropropane-l,3-diol was also designed to meet the criteria. 

Lewis, T.R., Ulrich, C.E. Busey, W.M. (1979) Subchronic inhalation toxicity of nitro-methane and 2-nitropropane. J. environ. Pathol. Toxicol., 2, 233-249 Lide, D.R. Milne, G.W.A. (1996) Properties of Organic Compounds, Version 5.0 [CD-ROM], Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press... 

Blood Pressure Lowering. The hypertensive effect of several expl compds has been reported by Salle (Refs 1,2, 3). Dinitroglycerol, NGc, bis(hydroxy-methyl)nitroethane dinitrate, dimethylol nitroethane dinitrate, bis(hydroxymethyl)nirropropane dinitrate dimethylol nitropropane dinitrate were studied. These compds were found to be vasodilators, less active than NG but excercising a more lasting effect(Ref 3). Nitrated sorbitol has a vasodilator effect similar to hexanitromannitol(HNMnt) but is si more toxic than HNMnt(Ref 2)... 

Violent reaction with maleic anhydride, nitroethane, nitromethane, nitroparaffins, nitropropane, and phosphorous. Reaction with polychlorinated phenols and potassium nitrate forms extremely toxic products.2 3... 

Toxicity and health effects Laboratory rats exposed to 2-nitropropane in high concentrations (207 ppm) developed adverse liver changes like hepatocellular hypertrophy, hyperplasia, necrosis, and liver carcinoma. It has been reported that prolonged exposure to concentrations of 20-45 ppm of 2-nitropropane caused nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and severe headaches among workers. Industrial workers handling 2-nitropropane for the application of epoxy resins to the walls of a nuclear power plant developed toxic hepatitis. - ... 

Care and precautions In view of its potential toxicity, 2-nitropropane should be handled in the workplace as a potential human carcinogen. Strict chemical management should be observed at all levels. Industrial workers should be provided with approved personal respiratory protective devices and full-body clothing for protection against splashes. ... 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. Technology transfer network toxics Web site, 2-nitropropane. Hazard summary created in April 1992. Revised in lanuary 2000 (updated 2007). Washington, D.C. U.S. EPA. 

SAFETY PROFILE Mildly toxic by ingestion. A severe eye irritant. A skin, mucous membrane, and respiratory system irritant. Mutation data reported. Causes dermatitis. Dust is considered to be a significant industrial hazard. A common air contaminant. Violent reaction with maleic anhydride, nitroethane, nitromethane, nitroparaffins, nitropropane, phosphoms. Reaction with polychlorinated phenols + potassium nitrate forms extremely toxic products. See also CALCIUM COMPOUNDS. 

SAFETY PROFILE Moderately toxic by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes. Questionable carcinogen. Violent reaction with hydrogen peroxide. The oxide increases the sensitivity of nitroalkanes (e.g., nitromethane, nitroethane, and 1-nitropropane) to heat or detonation. See also COBALT COMPOUNDS. 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Mildly toxic by inhalation. A human eye irritant. Human systemic effects by inhalation conjunctiva irritation. Mutation data reported. Very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, open flame, or oxidizers. Reacts violendy with Ca(OH)2, hydrocarbons, hydroxides, inorganic bases. May explode on heating. Metal oxides increase its sensitivity to thermal ignition. To fight fire, use alcohol foam, CO2, dry chemical, water spray. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx. See also 2-NITROPROPANE, NITROALKANES, and NITRO COMPOUNDS. 

Some industrial solvents are found on the Proposition 65 Hst. As of January 1, 1993 (2), benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methjlene chloride, 1,4-dioxane, 2-nitropropane, and perchloroethylene have been Hsted as substances known to the state of California to cause cancer. Ethji alcohol in alcohoHc beverages, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, ethjiene glycol monoethyl ether acetate, and toluene are Hsted as substances known to the state of California to cause reproductive toxicity. Because the Hst is being expanded periodically, it is necessary for a user of industrial solvents to maintain awareness of the Proposition 65 Hst. 

Of the halogen nitro alkane compound, bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitropropan-l,3-diol, 1), proved to be also in agricultural use an active substance with good specific bacterostatic action. Bronopol is a compound with wide antimicrobial action, of low toxicity to mammals (Croshaw et al.. 1964). This compound was originally used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Its acute oral lDjq is 180-400 mg/kg for rats. Bronopol is rapidly excreted in the urine (Naito et al., 1974). 

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