Smoke constituents

Florin I, Rutberg L, Curvall M, et al. 1980. Screening of tobacco smoke constituents for mutagenicity using the Ames test. Toxicology 18 219-232. 

The importance of tobacco includes both those constituents in smoke that may interact with nicotine directly, as well as those that indirectly influence a smoker s perception and behaviors. For example, some tobacco smoke constituents may alter the site of absorption of nicotine, such as bronchodilators (e.g., cocoa, licorice), which allow deeper inhalation and subsequent deposition of constituents in more highly permeable areas of the respiratory tract. Likewise, product changes to alter or control particle size, or to provide particulate carriers for vapor-phase smoke constituents, also could facilitate changes at the site of absorption (Ingebrethsen 1993). This would also include the use of acids or bases to alter the form of nicotine and basicity of smoke. Again, a wide range of relevant findings is indicated by internal documents (Ferris Wayne et al. 2006 Keithly et al. 2005 Pankow 2001). 

NT102 Carr, L. A., and J. K. Basham. Effects of tobacco smoke constituents on... 

NT189 Pilotti, A., K. Ancker, E. Arrhenius, and C. Enzell. Effects of tobacco and tobacco smoke constituents on cell multiplication in vitro. Toxicology 1975 5(1) 49-62. 

Schlotzhauer WS, Chortyk OT. 1987. Recent advances in studies on the pyrosynthesis of cigarette smoke constituents. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis... 

Smoking (constituents of tobacco smoke) All Intrauterine growth retardation prematurity sudden infant death syndrome perinatal complications... 

Cancer caused by chemicals can occur at the site of action or systemically depending on the carcinogen. Thus, carcinogenic cigarette smoke constituents such as benzo[a]pyrene lead to cancer of the lung when inhaled but benzo[a]pyrene will also cause cancer of the skin if this is exposed to it. 

Flarke H-P, Baars A, Frahm B, et al. 1972. The problem of passive smoking Concentration of smoke constituents in the air of large and small rooms as a function of number of cigarettes smoked and time. Int Arch Arbeitsmed 29 323- 339. 

HSDB. 1988. Hazardous Substance Data Bank. Record 177, National Library of Medicine, on-line December 5, 1988. Hugod C, 1985. Exposure to smoke constituents by passive smoking. Tokai J Exp Clin Med 10 401-405. 

Hugod C, Hawkins LH, Astrup P. 1978. Exposure of passive smokers to tobacco smoke constituents. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 42 21-30. 

Triebig G, Zober MA. 1984. Indoor air pollution by smoke constituents- - a survey. Prev Med 13 570-581. 

The study of smoke composition for other materials can also be related to pyrolysis. Smoking of certain foods is commonly practiced and the subject is very important for evaluating the taste/flavor of food or for health issues associated with smoke constituents. Again, analytical pyrolysis can be used as a tool for investigating pyrolysis products in smoke. 

As noted above, the water-soluble fraction of wood smoke is the most widely used fraction, particularly where smoke colour is most important. Where only smoke flavour is desired, there are several methods which can be used to produce a natural smoke flavour without forming a significant colour. Through a liquid-liquid extraction process, the less polar smoke constituents are extracted to produce a smoked flavoured vegetable oil [7],... 

At least eight acid anhydrides have been found in cigarette smoke, including maleic anhydride and succinic anhydride and their alkylated derivatives [Schumacher et al. (3553), Newell et al. (2769)]. These smoke constituents are of particular concern because of their alkylating potential. Maleic anhydride, 2,3-dimethylmaleic anhydride and succinic anhydride have produced local tumours in one experiment in rats [Dickens and Jones (7A01, 7A02), I ARC (7A03)]. 

In ongoing studies we are now identifying those compounds that are formed from nicotine only as minor compounds (<0.1%) which nevertheless can contribute to the toxicity of the smoke. To this group of minor smoke constituents having nicotine as a precursor belong the dibenzacridines [Van Duuren et al. (4027)]. .. 

The characteristics of cigarette smoke are functions of the physical and chemical properties of leaf tobacco which make the cigarette. Smoke constituents may be modified by changing leaf characteristics. The questions are What kinds of changes are needed and, how can these changes be achieved ... 

The studies are pyrolysis of the ingredients influence of the ingredients on smoke constituents believed by regulatory authorities to be relevant to smoking-related diseases ( Hoffmann analytes )... 

Additional information may be requested by governmental agencies. This may include measurements of large numbers of smoke constituents of regulatory interest such as the Hoffmann analytes (usually a list of 44 smoke constituents). We have participated in smdies requested by Australian and UK agencies and have provided information to Health Canada. Our interpretation of these studies, other studies in the literature, and our own internally-produced data is that these smoke constituents are generally proportional to tar measurements for a given blend style. 

The results are compatible with parallel studies in which the ingredients are added to tobacco and the effect on cigarette smoke constituents are measured. In general, the number of Hoffmann analytes detected among the pyrolysis products of the ingredients, and their levels, are low...Of the 291 tobacco ingredients pyrolyzed, almost a third transfer out of the pyrolysis zone intact, and almost two thirds transfer at least 95% intact. 

Wynder and Wright (4354) reported geraniol as a cigarette smoke constituent. However, the infrared spectrum of the isolate was identical with that of solanesol, not geraniol (Wright, private communication to Rodgman). 

---