Patch, transdermal

Fig. 45. Schematic of transdermal patch in which the rate of deUvery of dmg to the body is controlled by a polymer membrane. Such patches are used to...

These include atropine, scopolamine (hyoscine), trihexyphenidyl (benzhexol) and benzatropine. They block central muscarinic receptors involved in various afferent pathways of the vomiting reflex (Fig. 1). They have been used to control motion sickness, emesis in Meniere s disease and postoperative vomiting. Currently, hyoscine is largely restricted to the treatment of motion sickness where it has a fast onset of action but a short duration (4-6 h). Administration of hyoscine by transdermal patch produces a prolonged, low-level release of the drug with minimal side effects. To control postoperative vomiting, it should be applied >8 h before emesis is anticipated. 

Apply transdermal patches to clean, dry, nonhairy areas of intact skin. 

Rotate sites for transdermal patches to prevent skin irritation. The chest, flank, and upper arm are die most commonly used sites. Do not shave die area to apply die patch shaving may cause skin irritation. 

FIGURE 52-1. This low-dose estrogen transdermal patch, available as the trade name Estraderm (Estradiol Transdermal System), is transparent and about the size of a silver dollar. It releases small amounts of estrogen directly into the bloodstream at a constant and controlled rate to a female requiring estrogen replacement therapy for postmenopausal symptoms. 

Transdermal patches arc applied to the skin. The drug is mixed with the adhesive for the patch, and so it lies next to in readily absorb many chemicals and so uch as nitroglycerin (for heart disease),... 

George TP, Ziedonis DM, Feingold A, et al Nicotine transdermal patch and atypical antipsychotic medications for smoking cessation in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 157 1835-1842, 2000... 

Non-oral forms of contraceptives, such as the transdermal patch and the transvaginal ring, avoid the need for daily administration and, as such, may enhance convenience of use for the patient. 

Ortho-Evra is a transdermal patch that contains both an estrogen (20 meg of ethinyl estradiol) and a progestin (150 meg... 

Other than possibly for the insensible perspiration they absorb, transdermal patches tend to operate as thermodynamically static systems, meaning as com-positionally fixed systems, from the moment they are applied until their removal. Marketed ethanol-driven estradiol and fentanyl patches are exceptions because they meter out ethanol and drive it into the stratum corneum to propel the absorption process. Compositional steadfastness is still the rule, however, and it is this feature that bestows the zero-order delivery attribute on the ordinary transdermal patch. Drug is present within the patches in reservoir amounts whether or not the reservoir compartment is easily distinguished, for there must be enough drug to sustain delivery over the full course of patch wear. 

A transdermal patch is a self-contained system that is applied as it is packaged, with its only... 

High Ophthalmic solutions Transdermal patches Nasal aerosols Topical solutions Topical powders Oral tablets... 

The ideal glucose monitoring system should be non invasive, should allow continuous or frequent monitoring over long periods without the need to replace the changeable parts (strip, transdermal patch, etc.), should interfere minimally with daily life, and, last but not least, should be low in cost. 

The answer is c. (Hardman, pp 543—544. Katzang, p 2533) Fentanyl is a chemical relative of meperidine that is nearly 100 times more potent than morphine. The duration of action, usually between 30 and 60 min after parenteral administration, is shorter than that of meperidine. Fentanyl citrate is only available for parenteral administration intramuscularly and intravenously. Tran sbuc cal ( lollipop ) and transdermal patches avoid first-pass metabolism of fentanyl. 

Applied to the skin in a transdermal patch (tra ns dermal therapeutic delivery systemX this drug is used to prevent or reduce the occurrence of nausea and vomiting that are associated with motion sickness. 

Testosterone products Transdermal patch (Testoderm TTS, Androderm, Testim) Testoderm (R) with or without adhesive) 5 mg patch applied to arm, back, or thigh every evening (patches 2.5, 4, 5, 6 mgf 6 mg applied to scrotal skin every evening... 

The transdermal patch may cause less breast discomfort and dysmenorrhea than OCs. 

A combination contraceptive is available as a transdermal patch (Ortho Evra), which may have improved adherence compared to OCs. Efficacy seems to be compromised in women over 198 lb (90 kg). The patch should be applied to the abdomen, buttocks, upper torso, or upper arm at the beginning of the menstrual cycle and replaced every week for 3 weeks. 

Transdermal 17/3-estradiol 50 meg 25 meg Transdermal (patch) Once or twice weekly... 

Transdermal testosterone system0 150-300 mcg/day Every 3-4 days Transdermal patch... 

Rotigotine is available as a transdermal patch for once-daily administration, initiated at 2 mg/day and increased by 2 mg/day on a weekly basis to a maximum of 6 mg for early PD. 

The monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) phenelzine and tranylcypromine increase the concentrations of NE, 5-HT, and DA within the neuronal synapse through inhibition of the monoamine oxidase (MAO) enzyme system. Both drugs are nonselective inhibitors of MAO-A and MAO-B. Selegiline is available as a transdermal patch for treatment of major depression. It inhibits MAO-A and MAO-B in the brain, but has reduced effects on MAO-A in the gut. 

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