Non-toxic smokes

NaCl, KC1 type smoke NICO Pyrotechnik, Germany produces a non-toxic smoke formulation called KM which contains KCl-44%, KN03-27%, KC104-5%, Mg-8% and azodicarbonamide-16%. The aerosol contains par-... 

True. When someone smokes tobacco, the air becomes contaminated with tobacco smoke over a wide area. This can be particularly dense when several people smoke in the same room. This smoke contains high levels of toxic chemicals and can eventually lead to all the diseases associated with smoking in non-smokers who breathe this toxic smoke. 

Fire Resistant Elastomers. The poly(aryloxyphosphazene) elastomers offer excellent fire resistance without incorporating halogen in the polymer or as an additive. These polymers are self-extinguishing in air and generate only moderate non-corrosive smoke and a minimum of toxic combustion products upon combustion (50-53). The poly(aryloxyphosphazene) elastomers (APN ) have excellent potential for applications such as... 

The carbon black generated by a fire from a rubber source increases the smoke density other products are highly toxic and often corrosive. The halogens, phosphates, borates, and their acids evolved during a fire corrode metals and electrical and electronic equipment. Hence many of the fire retardants described below cannot be used in situations where the toxic gases evolved will create their own hazards. In these cases inorganic hydroxides are used, at filler-type addition levels. Aluminium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide are used as non-toxic fire retardant systems. 

In halogen-containing rubbers, zinc hydroxystannate can be substituted as a non toxic replacement for antimony trioxide to reduce smoke and toxic gas emission. Zinc hydroxystannate does not pigment the rubber and can be used to produce clear or translucent products. 

Hence, it is apparent that certain inorganic tin compounds are very effective flame retardants and smoke suppressants for halogenated polymer formulations. Since these additives are generally non-toxic, their potential use as partial or total replacements for existing commercial flame retardants, such as antimony trioxide, is thought to merit serious consideration. 

Commercial liquefied natural gas (NGL) is composed of at least 99% methane that has been cooled to approximately -160 °C (-256 °F), at atmospheric pressure. At this temperature is occupies only 1/600 of its original volume. LNG is less than half as dense as water, is colorless, odorless, non-toxic and sulfur free. It is vaporized as needed for use as a high quality fuel. In atmospheric burning no smoke production normally occurs. 

Krone, U. (1990) A non-toxic pyrotechnic screening smoke for training purposes. Proc. 15th Inti. Pyrotech. Sem.,... 

Some use has been made of V ores in pyrot smokes (Ref 5). V is the parent element of the expl and energetic compds entered below. Metallic V is non-toxic (Refs 1,6,7,13,14,15, 16 18)... 

By far the most important tin-based fire retardants are the zinc stannates - zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) and its anhydrous analog, zinc stannate (ZS). Originally developed at ITRI during the mid-1980s, these additives are now being marketed worldwide as non-toxic flame retardants and smoke suppressants for use in a wide range of polymeric materials. ... 

Despite their clear technical benetits, including non-toxicity and excellent smoke-suppressant activity, markets for ZHS and ZS have been somewhat limited to date, primarily because of their relatively high price compared with certain traditional flame retardants, particularly Sb203. Consequently, recent studies have focused on the development of more cost effective tin-based systems. 

Combined filler and flame retardant functions Does not require halogens Does not produce toxic gases Suppresses smoke formation Non-volatile and unaffected by water Low cost Non-toxic Requires high loadings Affects physical properties and processing behaviour Relatively low decomposition temperature... 

Joseph Storey has introduced a zinc hydroxystannate flame retardant, which it found to be the closest non-toxic alternative to antimony trioxide in halogenated systems. The new material also has excellent smoke suppression properties. In halogen-free systems, tin char formation occurs, leading to reductions in filler loadings and improved physical properties. 

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