Hyperemia conjunctival

Cyanide toxicity was tested in rabbits by applying 1.69-5.28 mg CNVkg/day as sodium cyanide to the inferior conjunctival sac of one eye (Ballantyne 1983b, 1988). Irritation, lacrimation, and conjunctival hyperemia were present immediately after the treatment. Keratitis developed in some rabbits after a cyanide application of 0.9 mg CNTkg as hydrogen cyanide, 2.1 mg CNTkg as sodium cyanide, and 2.5 mg CN /kg as potassium cyanide. 

Glacial (100%) acetic acid caused severe injury when applied to the eyes of rabbits in humans it has caused permanent corneal opacification. A splash ofvinegar (4-10% acetic acid solution) in the human eye causes immediate pain and conjunctival hyperemia, sometimes with injury of the corneal epithelium. ... 

Eye contact with either the liquid or high concentrations of vapor causes immediate discomfort with conjunctival hyperemia and slight corneal injury corneal burns from splashes recover quickly with no scarring. Prolonged skin exposure, as from contact with soaked clothing, produces severe irritation, moderate edema, and necrosis systemic effects may ensue as the liquid is readily absorbed through the skin. ... 

Applied to the skin of animals a 4-hour occluded dose produced mild to moderate erythema and edema. Similar contact for 24 hours resulted in marked erythema, necrosis, and ulceration." Instilled in rabbit eyes, tbe liquid bas caused mild conjunctival hyperemia. 

In the eyes, the dusts cause a burning sensation, lacrimation, and conjunctival hyperemia, sometimes associated with photophobia. ... 

Adverse reactions may include transient stinging and burning eye pain/ache browache headache allergic lid reaction conjunctival hyperemia conjunctival or corneal pigmentation ocular irritation (hypersensitivity) localized adrenochrome deposits in conjunctiva and cornea (prolonged use) reversible cystoid macular edema (may result from use in aphakic patients) palpitations tachycardia extrasystoles cardiac arrhythmia hypertension faintness. 

Ophthalmic Transient irritation, burning, tearing, conjunctival hyperemia, edema (approximately 25%). 

Ophthalmic - Latanoprost-associated ocular adverse events reported at an incidence of 5% to 15% included the following Blurred vision, burning and stinging, conjunctival hyperemia, foreign body sensation, itching, increased pigmentation of the iris, punctate epithelial keratopathy. 

Ciprofloxacin White crystalline precipitates lid margin crusting crystals/scales foreign body sensation itching conjunctival hyperemia bad taste in mouth corneal staining keratopathy/keratitis allergic reactions lid edema tearing photophobia corneal infiltrates nausea decreased vision. 

Norfloxacin Conjunctival hyperemia chemosis photophobia bitter taste in mouth. 

Colic. Pertaining to the colon acute abdominal pain characteristically, intermittent visceral pain with fluctuations corresponding to smooth muscle peristalsis. Conjunctivitis. Inflammation of the delicate membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the exposed surface of the sclera (conjunctiva), generally consisting of conjunctival hyperemia associated with a discharge. 

Conjunctival hyperemia, growth of eyelashes, and ocular pruritus Occasional... 

Allergic conjunctivitis, conjunctival hyperemia, eye pruritus, burning sensation, conjunctival folliculosis, oral dryness, visual disturbances... 

This ischemia can be trivial, limited to the breaking of the blood flux in only one vessel and not easy to detect because of being hidden in a spread conjunctival hyperemia. The conjunctival hyperemia differs from ischemia. The conjunctival hyperemia is a dilatation of the conjunctival and episcleral vessels. It signihes an inflammation as a reaction to the irritation caused by the chemical bum. It is not a sign of the gravity of the chemical bum (Fig. 7.4). 

Topical PGE2 and PGF2qi significantly reduce intraocular pressure for at least 24 hours and are used in the treatment of glaucoma. Derivatives of the isopropyl ester of PGF2qi appear to be the most effective. Transient ocular adverse effects include conjunctival hyperemia, local irritation, intermittent photophobia, and pain in the eye (66-68). Newer derivatives, such as latanoprost, travoprost, and bimatoprost, appear to be better tolerated, with less severe and less frequent adverse effects (69). They reduce intraocular pressure by increasing uveoscleral outflow. 

The adverse effects of travoprost include gradual darkening of the color of the iris and the eyelid skin, increased thickness, number, and darkness of the eyelashes, conjunctival hyperemia, and ocular pruritus (75). 

The ocular adverse effects of latanoprost include conjunctival hyperemia, iris pigmentation, periocular skin color changes, anterior uveitis, and cystoid macular edema in pseudophakic patients (77,78). H. simplex dendritic keratitis has been reported after treatment with latanoprost (79). In patients with uveitic glaucoma, latanoprost can cause increased intraocular pressure and recurrence of inflammation (80). 

The use of unoprostone in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension has been reviewed (1). Most of the literature is in Japanese. The adverse effects of unoprostone are similar to those of latanoprost conjunctival hyperemia, iris pigmentation, hypertrichosis and hyperpigmentation of eyelashes, and rarely systemic effects (1). 

Ocular exposure to vapor causes miosis, conjunctival hyperemia, and eye pain within one to several minutes. Signs can last 2 to 3 days. Liquid tabun penetrates the eye quickly and can result in death nearly as rapidly as an inhalational lethal dose (1 to 10 min) (EPA, 1985c). Ingestion of the liquid causes muscarinic, nicotinic, and CNS signs about 30 min after mild exposures. The signs can last several hours up to 2 to 5 days depending on the amount of exposure. 

Systemic absorption of topical anesthetics can result in high blood levels by any of the following mechanisms (1) too large a dosage of the local anesthetic (2) unusually rapid absorption of the drug, as in patients with marked conjunctival hyperemia (3) unusually slow drug detoxification and (4) slow elimination of the drug. 

Figure 6-5 Allergic blepharoconjunctivitis after instillation of proparacaine 0.5%. Conjunctival hyperemia, swelling of the eyelids, lacrimation, and itching occur.

Figure 8-8 Right ptosis, miosis, and conjunctival hyperemia induced by 0.5% dapiprazole instilled into right eye after bilateral pupillary dilation with 2.5% phenylephrine.

Toxic keratitis has also been reported after abuse of cyclopentolate. Instillation of 100 to 400 drops of the 1% solution over several months caused a diffuse epithelial punctate keratitis with marked conjunctival hyperemia. As expected, the pupils were widely dilated and unresponsive to light. 

Iris color darkening Increased eyelid pigmentation Hypertrichosis Conjunctival hyperemia Allergy... 

A 3-month study demonstrated identical lOP lowering efficacy between travoprost 0.004% with and without BAC in patients with open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. In a double-masked multicenter study, patients were randomized to either travoprost 0.004% with BAC or travoprost 0.004% without BAC dosed once-daily in the evening. Mean lOP reductions ranged from 7.3 to 8.5 mm Hg for travoprost 0.004% without BAC and from 7.4 to 8.4 mm Hg for travoprost 0.004% with BAC. Adverse events were comparable between the two treatment groups. In one study conjunctival hyperemia occurred in slightly fewer patients treated with travoprost 0.004% without BAC than in patients treated with... 

Safety assessments in travoprost studies have included evaluation of visual acuity, pupil diameter, iris color, anterior chamber flare, conjunctival hyperemia, pulse, blood pressure, blood chemistry profiles, and urinalysis values. The observed adverse events have generally been mild to moderate and have resolved without treatment. Most of the side effects seen with latanoprost can occur with travoprost treatment. Conjunctival hyperemia induced by travoprost is clinically insignificant but generally more than that observed with latanoprost. 

Eeldman RM. Conjunctival hyperemia and the use of topical prostaglandis in glaucoma and ocular hypertension. J Ocul PharmacolTher 2003 19 23-35. 

Phenylephrine, the oldest of the currently available agents, is a synthetic adrenergic agonist. It differs chemically from epinephrine by the absence of the hydroxyl group on position 4 of the benzene ring. At the concentrations used for ocular decongestion, phenylephrine causes vasoconstriction by direct stimulation of a-adrenergic receptors on the conjimctival vasculature. The resultant clinical effect is usually a decrease in conjunctival hyperemia and edema. 

Oxymetazoline is available as an ocular decongestant at the 0.025% concentration. Oxymetazoline has been demonstrated to be useful in patients with allergic conjunctivitis and has been demonstrated to improve symptoms of burning, itching, tearing, and foreign body sensation in patients with moderate to severe conjunctival hyperemia. Onset of action can be as early as 5 minutes after instillation, with peak effects at 60 minutes, and the effect can last up to 6 hours. Oxymetazoline 0.025% does not seem to alter lOP or affect pupil size or accommodation. 

After the instillation of most topical anesthetics, many patients report a heaviness of the eyelids that frequently lasts for several minutes after the return of corneal sensation. Conjunctival hyperemia and mild lacrimation sometimes occur after the application of most topical anesthetics. Rarely, the reflex action associated with discomfort may cause the fellow eye to become hyperemic... 

Absence of dilation to psychosensory stimuli Conjunctival hyperemia Facial or body anhidrosis Heterochromia iridis, if congenital... 

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