Zinc/alkaline/ manganese dioxide secondary

Chloride Belgium NV, Groenstraat 31, Moitsel 2510 Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide secondary batteries, nickel-cadmium, lead-acid. 

Primary batteries, zinc—alkaline manganese dioxide secondary batteries, nickel—cadmium. 

Zinc/Manganese Dioxide Batteries. Several of the conventional primary battery systems have been manufactured as rechargeable batteries, but the only one currently being manufactured is the cylindrical cell using the zinc/alkaline-manganese dioxide chemistry. Its major advantage is a higher capacity than the conventional secondary batteries and a lower initial cost, but its cycle life and rate capability are limited. 

Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide, mercury-zinc, carbon-zinc Leclanche, magnesium types, silver oxide-zinc, zinc chloride Leclanche, zinc-air secondary batteries, alkaline, nickel-iron, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, sealed lead-acid, zinc-air, nickel-metal hydride secondary, lithium-manganese dioxide, lithium-silver chromate, lithium-lead bismuthate. 

Varta SpA, Via Teitulliano 70, 20137 Milan Primary batteries, zinc—alkaline manganese dioxide, mercury—zinc, carbon—zinc Leclanche, magnesium types, hthium types, silver oxide—zinc, zinc chloride Leclancti6, zinc—air, secondary batteries, alkaline, nickel—iron, nickel—cadmium, silver—zinc, silver—cadmium. 

Sogea (SAFT) Batteries Ltd, Castle Works, Station Road, Hampton, Middlesex Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide, carbon-zinc Leclanchd, lithium types (lithium-lead bisrauthate, lithium-silver chromate) secondary... 

The design of a AA-size alkaline manganese dioxide cell is shown in Fig. 1 (Sec. 3.1). Primary and secondary alkaline batteries are constructed in the same way and can be manufactured on essentially the same machinery. The separator material, electrode formulation, and the Mn02 Zn balance are different. Rechargeable cells are zinc-limited to prevent a discharge beyond the first electron-equivalent of the MnOz reduction. The electrolyte is 7-9 mol L KOH. The electrode reactions are ... 

The manufacture of secondary batteries based on aqueous electrolytes forms a major part of the world electrochemical industry. Of this sector, the lead-acid system (and in particular SLI power sources), as described in the last chapter, is by far the most important component, but secondary alkaline cells form a significant and distinct commercial market. They are more expensive, but are particularly suited for consumer products which have relatively low capacity requirements. They are also used where good low temperature characteristics, robustness and low maintenance are important, such as in aircraft applications. Until recently the secondary alkaline industry has been dominated by the cadmium-nickel oxide ( nickel-cadmium ) cell, but two new systems are making major inroads, and may eventually displace the cadmium-nickel oxide cell - at least in the sealed cell market. These are the so-called nickel-metal hydride cell and the rechargeable zinc-manganese dioxide cell. There are also a group of important but more specialized alkaline cell systems which are in use or are under further development for traction, submarine and other applications. 

A typical example of this situation is the zinc electrode, which allows only limited discharge/charge cycles. Zinc electrodes are therefore not used in commercial secondary batteries, with the exception of the rechargeable alkaline zinc manganese dioxide battery (RAM) (6) which is a battery of low initial cost, but also limited cycle life. 

Within each Part, chapters are included on all available types of primary batteries, secondary batteries and batteries available in primary and secondary versions. The primary batteries include carbon-zinc, carbon-zinc chloride, mercury-zinc and other mercury types, manganese dioxide-magnesium perchlorate, magnesium organic, lithium types (sulphur dioxide, thionyl chloride, vanadium pentoxide, iodine and numerous other lithium types), thermally activated and seawater batteries. Batteries available in primary and secondary Corms include alkaline manganese, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, zinc-air and cadmium-air. The secondary batteries discussed include lead-acid, the nickel types (cadmium, iron, zinc, hydrogen), zinc-chlorine, sodium-sulphur and other fast ion types. 

---