Nickel zinc, secondary

M. J. Sulkes, "Nickel—Zinc Secondary Batteries," Proceedings of the 23rdA.nnual Power Sources Conference 1969. 

Sulks. M.J Nickel-Zinc Secondary llu.leries, Proceedings of die 23rd Aninuil Power Souices Conference, 1969. 

The structural chemistry of some metal dithiocarbamates, i.e. systematics, coordination modes, crystal packing, and supramolecular self-assembly patterns of nickel, zinc, cadmium, mercury,363 organotin,364 and tellurium,365 366 complexes has been thoroughly analyzed and discussed in detail. Supramolecular self-assembly frequently occurs in non-transition heavier soft metal dithiocarbamates. Thus, lead(II),367 bismuth(III)368 zinc,369 cadmium,370 and (organo)mercury371 dithiocarbamates are associated through M- S secondary bonds, to form either dimeric supermolecules or chain-like supramolecular arrays. The arsenic(III)372 and antimony(III)373 dithiocarbamates are... 

The nickel—zinc (NiZn) system is attractive as a secondary cell because of its high energy density and low material cost and the low level of potential pollutants contained. The widespread use of nickel-zinc batteries, particularly as electric vehicle power sources, would be strongly enhanced by significantly extending the deep-discharge cycle life beyond the current level of 100—300 cycles. Considerable work has been done in the past to develop a suitable separator for nickel— and silver—zinc batteries. 272 An excellent discussion of separator development is contained in a comprehensive review. 2 ... 

The nickel-based systems have traditionally included the following systems -nickel-iron (Ni/Fe), nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydrides (NiMH), nickel hydrogen (Ni/H2), and nickel-zinc (Ni/Zn). Of these, the metal hydride chemistry has been the most successful in the secondary battery market. AU nickel systems are based on the use of a nickel oxide active material (undergoing one valence change from charge to discharge or vice-versa). The electrodes can be pocket type, sintered type, fibrous type, foam type, pasted type, or plastic roll-bonded type. All systems use an alkaline electrolyte, KOH. 

This handbook highlights the limitations of iron, nickel, zinc and their alloys in various water grades and provides vital information on corrosion protection measures. The chapters are arranged by the media leading to individual corrosion reactions, and a vast number of alloys are presented in terms of their behaviour in these media. The key information consists of quantitative data on corrosion rates coupled with commentaries on the background and mechanisms of corrosion behind these data, together with the dependencies on secondary parameters, such as flow-rate, pH, temperature, etc. Where necessary this information is complemented by more detailed annotations and by an immense number of references Usted at the end of each chapter. 

As with the primary battery systems, significant performance improvements have been made with the older secondary battery systems, and a number of newer types, such as the silver-zinc, the nickel-zinc, nickel-hydrogen, and lithium ion batteries, and the high-temperature system, have been introduced into commercial use or are under advanced development. Much of the development work on new systems has been supported by the need for high-performance batteries for portable consumer electronic applications and electric vehicles. Figure 22.1 illustrates the advances achieved in and the projections of the performance of rechargeable batteries for portable applications. 

Five major types of secondary rechargeable batteries are lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium and nickel-zinc, and these are discussed in more detail below. ... 

IBMA 43rd Convention, Chicago, 1980, 49-53 Landers, J. J. (1970) Requirements and characteristics of secondary battery separators. In Proceedingsofthe Meeting of the ElectrochemicalSociety, February 1970, pp. 4-24 Lundquist, J. T. Jr (1983) Separators for nickel-zinc batteries. 

Yuasa Battery Co. Ltd, 6-6 Josai-cho, Takatsukishi, Osaka-fii 569 also International Division, 12-112 Chome, Higashi-Shinbashi Minako-ku, Tokyo 105 Primary batteries, carbon-zinc Leclanchd, silver oxide-zinc secondary batteries, nickel-iron, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, sealed lead-acid. Sodium-sulphur, lithium-manganese dioxide. 

Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide, mercury-zinc, carbon-zinc Leclanche, magnesium types, lithium types, silver oxide-zinc secondary batteries, alkaline, nickel-iron, mercury-cadmium. 

Primary batteries, magnesium types, lithium types secondary batteries, silver-zinc, silver-cadmium, lithium-thionyl chloride, lithium—sulphur dioxide, nickel-zinc. 

Yardney Electric Corporation, Power Sources Division, 3850 Olive Street, Denver 80207, Colorado Secondary batteries, nickel-hydrogen, silver-zinc, silver—cadmium, nickel-zinc. 

Deposits. Selenium forms natural compounds with 16 other elements. It is a main constituent of 39 mineral species and a minor component of 37 others, chiefly sulfides. The minerals are finely disseminated and do not form a selenium ore. Because there are no deposits that can be worked for selenium recovery alone, there are no mine reserves. Nevertheless, the 1995 world reserves, chiefly in nonferrous metals sulfide deposits, are ca 70,000 metric tons and total resources are ca 130,000 t (24). The principal resources of the world are in the base metal sulfide deposits that are mined primarily for copper, zinc, nickel, and silver, and to a lesser extent, lead and mercury, where selenium recovery is secondary. 

Other alkaline primary cells couple zinc with oxides of mercury or silver and some even use atmospheric oxygen (zinc—air cell). Frequendy, zinc powder is used in the fabrication of batteries because of its high surface area. Secondary (rechargeable) cells with zinc anodes under development are the alkaline zinc—nickel oxide and zinc—chlorine (see Batteries). 

Ammonia production from natural gas includes the following processes desulfurization of the feedstock primary and secondary reforming carbon monoxide shift conversion and removal of carbon dioxide, which can be used for urea manufacture methanation and ammonia synthesis. Catalysts used in the process may include cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, iron oxide/chromium oxide, copper oxide/zinc oxide, and iron. 

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