Mercury organo

Numerous new salts and additive compounds of cinchona alkaloids, and especially of quinine, have been described, of which only a few can be mentioned as examples quinine additive compounds with sulph-anilamide, t quinine salts of (+) and (—)-pantothenic acid, °( > quinine sulphamate and disulphamate, °( organo-mercury compounds of quinine and cinchonine such as quinine-monomercuric chloride. Various salts and combinations of quinine have also been protected by patent, e.g., ascorbates and nicotinates. 

There is a vast range of aqueous organic pollutants with a wide toxicity profile. Some, e.g. polychlorinated biphenyls, certain herbicides, fungicides and pesticides, and organo-mercury compounds, are persistent and may bioaccumulate in the food chain. Trace contaminants such as sodium chloride, iron and phenols (especially if chlorinated) may also impart a taste to water. Typical consent levels for industrial discharges are provided in Table 13.10. 

Gel2 also reacts with organo-mercury compounds 131 ... 

Fluorine can also be introduced into various substituted veratroles by reaction of the organo-mercury precursors 31 with acetyl hypofluorite.28... 

Transition metal compounds with covalent carbon-metal bonds include organo-zinc, organo-cadmium, and organo-mercury compounds. Carbon-13 shifts of the methyl derivatives (Table 4.71) indicate a heavy atom deshielding. Diphenylmercury displays carbon shifts similar to those of phenyllithium and phenylmagnesium bromide (Table 4.53). 

Cognate preparation. 1-Phenylethanol. Use 10.4g (11.5ml, 0.1 mol) of styrene, and carry out the oxymercuration and reduction as described above. The yield of recovered mercury is 17.5 g (87%), and traces continue to separate during the work-up procedure. Distil the final crude product under reduced pressure and collect the 1-phenylethanol at 110-115 °C/25mmHg. Towards the end of the distillation the decomposition of residual organo-mercurial compounds ensues, and co-distillation of mercury contaminates the product collect the contaminated fraction separately. The first fraction, yield 6.2 g (51%), is 92 per cent pure by g.l.c. (retention time 5.33 minutes) the impurity is mainly styrene (tR 2.16 minutes). The mercury-contaminated fraction (3.0 g, 25%) is 85 per cent pure by g.l.c. 

Kochetkov continued as lecture assistant until 1951, combining this work with research on metalloorganic chemistry in Nesmeyanov s laboratory. He studied organo-mercury compounds, in particular their synthesis by the addition of mercuric chloride to acetylenes. In 1948 Nikolay wrote a thesis and received the Ph.D. degree in chemistry. 

A field method of pre-concentration and preservation of organo-mercury species extracted from water was described (Jian and McLeod, 1992). Acidified water samples were passed through microcolumns packed with sulfhydryl cotton. The packing retained organo-mercury species, but not inorganic mercury. The contents were analysed later in a laboratory. 

Since then the sodium salts of chlorinated phenols, sodium pentachlorophenate and sodium tetrachlorophenate, buffered in most formulations with borax, with or without organo-mercurials, has dominated the sapstain and mould preventive market. In British Columbia the lumber industry voluntarily stopped using formulations containing mercury in the late I9601s. However sapstain and mould preventives containing mercurials are still in use in the U.S.A. 

Y. Talmi, The rapid sub-picogram determination of volatile organo-mercury compounds by gas chromatography with a microwave emission spectrometric detector system, Anal. Chim. Acta, 74 (1975), 107-117. 

Many other household products can be analysed in similar ways to those described above for chemicals. Household bleach is essentially an inorganic chemical. There has been concern expressed about mercury levels in hypochlorite bleach because of the way it is manufactured. The cold vapour reduction/aeration method referred to above is a good way of determining low mercury levels with minimal matrix problems [82]. In the past organo-mercurial compounds have been used (e.g. as bactericides) in some household products these may be selectively determined by extraction with an organic solvent (e.g. carbon tetrachloride or benzene), and then application of the cold-vapour method following the addition of cysteine acetate, or by coupled gas chromatography/atomic absorption [83],... 

Organomercurials react rapidly with a variety of electrophilic species, and a recent book by Jensen and Rickborn fully describes the scope of these reactions (I). Foremost among the electrophilic reagents are the halogens which cleave the carbon-mercury bond to produce alkylmercuric halides and/or alkyl halides, depending on the type of organo-mercurial involved. 

A second method of measuring the rate constants of ozonation was attempted. This alternate method involved the pre-saturation of a known volume of CHC13 at 0°C with ozone. An equimolar amount of organo-mercurial in CHC13 was then added to the 03 solution, and both reagents were allowed to decrease in concentration. This attempted second-order rate analysis failed, however, since the necessarily low concentration of ozone (0.0163M) did not yield reliable NMR mercurial integrations. Hence the data were quite scattered and inconsistent. 

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