Tungsten nickel

In addition to these different types of alloys, some studies were also devoted to alternatives to platinum as electrocatalysts. Unfortunately, it is clear that even if some catalytic activities were observed, they are far from those obtained with platinum. Nickel tungsten carbides were investigated, but the electrocatalytic activity recorded for methanol oxidation was very low. Tungsten carbide was also considered as a possible alternative owing to its ability to catalyze the electrooxidation of hydrogen. However, it had no activity for the oxidation of methanol and recently some groups showed that a codeposit of Pt and WO3 led to an enhancement of the activity of platinum. ... 

Hy-C Cracking A hydrocracking process. The catalyst is nickel/tungsten on alumina. Developed by Cities Service Research and Development Company and Hydrocarbon Research. 

Thermal conductivities of two porous catalytic particles are nickel-tungsten, 0.47 W/(m)0C), platinum-alumina, 0.22 (Satterfield, Heterogeneous Catalysis in Practice, 1980). 

Other materials such as gold (< = 4.9 eV), aluminum (< = 4.2 eV), indium-doped zinc oxide, magnesium indium oxide, nickel tungsten oxide, or other transparent conductive oxide materials, have been studied as anodes in OLEDs. Furthermore, the WF of ITO can be varied by surface treatments such as application of a very thin layer of Au, Pt, Pd, or C, acid or base treatments, self-assembly of active surface molecules, or plasma treatment. 

Hydrotreating also produces some residuals in the form of spent catalyst fines, usually consisting of aluminum silicate and some metals (e.g., cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, tungsten). Spent hydrotreating catalyst is now listed as a hazardous waste (K171) (except for most support material). Hazardous constituents of this waste include benzene and arsenia (arsenic oxide, AS2O3). The support material for these catalysts is usually an inert ceramic (e.g., alumina, AI2O3). 

It is interesting to note that Brenner and Riddell (2-4) accidentally encountered electroless deposition of nickel and cobalt during electrodeposition of nickel-tungsten and cobalt-tungsten alloys (in the presence of sodium hypophosphite) on steel tubes in order to produce material with better hardness than that of steel. They found deposition efficiency higher than 100%, which was explained by an electroless deposition contribution to the electrodeposition process. 

In addition to the successful reductive carbonylation systems utilizing the rhodium or palladium catalysts described above, a nonnoble metal system has been developed (27). When methyl acetate or dimethyl ether was treated with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of an iodide compound, a trivalent phosphorous or nitrogen promoter, and a nickel-molybdenum or nickel-tungsten catalyst, EDA was formed. The catalytst is generated in the reaction mixture by addition of appropriate metallic complexes, such as 5 1 combination of bis(triphenylphosphine)-nickel dicarbonyl to molybdenum carbonyl. These same catalyst systems have proven effective as a rhodium replacement in methyl acetate carbonylations (28). Though the rates of EDA formation are slower than with the noble metals, the major advantage is the relative inexpense of catalytic materials. Chemistry virtually identical to noble-metal catalysis probably occurs since reaction profiles are very similar by products include acetic anhydride, acetaldehyde, and methane, with ethanol in trace quantities. 

Torbem Olof Bergman, 1735-1784. Swedish chemist, pharmacist, and physicist. He was among the first to investigate the compounds of manganese, cobalt, nickel, tungsten, and molybdenum. He was an immediate forerunner of Haiiy in the history of theoretical crystallography (68). 

The action of carbon tetrachloride or a mixture of chlorine with a hydrocarbon or carbon monoxide on the oxide.—H. N. Warren 9 obtained aluminium chloride by heating the oxide to redness with a mixture of petroleum vapour and hydrogen chloride or chlorine, naphthalene chloride or carbon tetrachloride was also used. The bromide was prepared in a similar manner. E. Demarpay used the vapour of carbon tetrachloride, the chlorides of chromium, titanium, niobium, tantalum, zirconium, cobalt, nickel, tungsten, and molybdenum H. Quantin, a mixture of carbon monoxide and chlorine and W. Heap and E. Newbery, carbonyl chloride. 

Hydrogenation tests made on the 600°-1000°F heavy gas oil from in situ crude shale oil showed that a nickel-molybdenum-on-ahimina catalyst was superior to either cobalt-molybdenum-on-alumina or nickel-tungsten-on-alumina catalysts for removing nitrpgen from shale oil fractions. This nickel-molybdenum-on-alumina catalyst was used in the preparation of the synthetic crude oil. A high yield of premium refinery feedstock whose properties compared favorably with those of a syncrude described by the NPC was attained by hydrogenating the naphtha, light... 

In addition to the metals listed above, many alloys are commercially electroplated brass, bronze, many gold alloys, lead—tin, nickel—iron, nickel—cobalt, nickel—phosphorus, tin—nickel, tin—zinc, zinc—nickel, zinc—cobalt, and zinc—iron. Electroplated alloys in lesser use include lead—indium, nickel—manganese, nickel—tungsten, palladium alloys, silver alloys, and zinc—manganese. Whereas tertiary and many other alloys can feasibly be electroplated, these have not found commercial applications. 

Two Chevron catalysts were evaluated ICR 106 (containing nickel, tungsten, silica, and alumina) and ICR 113 (containing nickel, molybdenum, silica, and alumina) Although ICR 113 is somewhat less active than ICR 106, it is also a less expensive catalyst and, therefore, may be the catalyst of choice for cases in which lower severities of hydrogenation are needed. 

Two proprietary Chevron catalysts were used in different pilot plant simulations of the syncrude hydrotreater ICR 106 and ICR 113. The ICR 106 catalyst contains nickel, tungsten, silica, and alumina and the ICR 113 catalyst contains nickel, molybdenum, silica, and alumina. An equal volume of inert, nonporous alumina was placed on top of the catalysts. This alumina served as a preheating zone. These catalysts operated satisfactorily for over one-half year (4000 hours) with the Illinois H-Coal syncrude. 

Authentic and synthetic solvent-refined coal filtrates were processed upflow in hydrogen over three different commercially available catalysts. Residual (>850°F bp) solvent-refined coal versions up to 46 wt % were observed under typical hydrotreating conditions on authentic filtrate over a cobalt-molybdenum (Co-Mo) catalyst. A synthetic filtrate comprised of creosote oil containing 52 wt % Tacoma solvent-refined coals was used for evaluating nickel-molybdenum and nickel-tungsten catalysts. Nickel-molybdenum on alumina catalyst converted more 850°F- - solvent-refined coals, consumed less hydrogen, and produced a better product distribution than nickel-tungsten on silica alumina. Net solvent make was observed from both catalysts on synthetic filtrate whereas a solvent loss was observed when authentic filtrate was hydroprocessed. Products were characterized by a number of analytical methods. 

Catalyst Evaluation. Commercial nickel-molybdenum (Ni-Mo) and nickel-tungsten (Ni-W) catalysts were evaluated with this feedstock. The Ni-Mo catalyst was HDS-3A from American Cyanamid and the Ni-W catalyst was Ketjenfine HC-5 from Armak Company. Both were extrudate types supported on alumina and silica-alumina, respectively. The run conditions for the Ni-W evaluation run are shown in Table VII for selected samples. Pressure, liquid feed rate, and hydrogen feed rates were held as nearly constant as possible only the temperature was changed. 

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