Catalysts containing nickel

Most commercial methanator catalysts contain nickel, supported on alumina, kaolin, or calcium aluminate cement. Sulfur and arsenic are poisons to the catalyst, which can also be fouled by carry-over of solvent from the CO2 removal system. 

Figure 1. Temperature prograimned reduction of silica- and zirconia-supported catalysts containing nickel and sulfate, a) silica-series b) zirconia-series.

Decompozon [Decompose ozone] A process for destroying ozone in gas streams by passage through a fixed bed of a proprietary catalyst containing nickel. Developed by Ultrox International, Santa Ana, CA. 

Dimersol E A process for making gasoline from ethylene. The catalyst is a soluble Ziegler-type catalyst containing nickel. Developed by IFP in the 1980s and operated at an undisclosed location since 1988. 

HYDECAT [Hypochlorite destruction catalyst] A continuous process for destroying unwanted hypochlorite streams. A heterogeneous catalyst containing nickel converts the hypochlorite ion to chloride ion and oxygen gas ... 

ODORGARD A process for removing odorous gases from air streams by scrubbing with an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite in the presence of a proprietary heterogeneous catalyst. The catalyst contains nickel and is based on the HYDECAT catalyst. Developed by ICI Katalco and F. H. H. Valentin. Nine units had been installed in the United Kingdom by 1995. World Patent WO 94/11091. 

Catalysts Containing Nickel, Palladium, Platinum and Cold... 

The test at M. W. Kellogg s and the test in the ARCO pilot nnit were done with different feeds, with different catalysts and in different pilot nnits, so it was not expected that the yields should be identical. The feed to the M. W. Kellogg s pilot unit was a synthetic Statfjord atmospheric residne and the catalyst used was a Filtrol 900 catalyst containing nickel and vanadinm contaminants [1]. This pilot unit was also pressurized. In the ARCO pilot unit at Chalmers the feed was a laboratory distilled Statfjord atmospheric residue and the catalyst was an almost metal-free EKZ eqnilibrinm catalyst from Katalistiks. The ARCO nnit is working at atmospheric pressnre. 

Japanese chemists succeeded in obtaining good yields of methane by reaction of H2 with a mixture of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, at temperatures as low as 270 °C, by use of a special mixed catalyst containing nickel as the most important metallic constituent. Why is nickel used In the same vein, why is platinum or platinum-rhodium alloy (but not nickel) used in catalytic converters for automobile exhausts (See also Section 17.4.)... 

The paper deals with some new data concerning the state of the metal after reduction and the catalytic functions of zeolite catalysts containing nickel and platinum. By using the molecular sieve selectivity in the hydrogenation of mesitylene it has been proved that metal (platinum) is contained in the volume of the zeolite crystal. The temperature dependence of the formation of nickel crystals was investigated. The aluminosilicate structure and the zeolite composition influence mainly the formation of the metal surface which determines the catalytic activity. In the hydrocracking of cumene and disproportionation of toluene a bifunctional action of catalysts has been established. Hydrogen retarded the reaction. 

Feolite catalysts modified by transition metals are interesting and difficult subjects to study. In one of the first studies of zeolites as catalysts, Rabo and co-workers (1) used a zeolite catalyst containing 0.5% platinum for isomerization of n-paraffins. In this reaction the metal-zeolite system acted as a typical representative of the bifunctional catalysts. Studies of zeolites modified by transition metals ( 2, 3, Jf) showed that their polyfunctional properties are determined by the structural and chemical properties of the zeolite and by the state of the metal in it. In this paper we discuss new data on the metal state after reduction as well as the catalytic functions of zeolite catalysts containing nickel and platinum. 

Molybdena catalysts containing nickel have received relatively less attention as compared with cobalt. Nickel-molybdena catalysts show... 

Two proprietary Chevron catalysts were used in different pilot plant simulations of the syncrude hydrotreater ICR 106 and ICR 113. The ICR 106 catalyst contains nickel, tungsten, silica, and alumina and the ICR 113 catalyst contains nickel, molybdenum, silica, and alumina. An equal volume of inert, nonporous alumina was placed on top of the catalysts. This alumina served as a preheating zone. These catalysts operated satisfactorily for over one-half year (4000 hours) with the Illinois H-Coal syncrude. 

The activity of NiO has been studied by Wagner and Hauffe (47) and others (22,49,50). Catalytic activity of this oxide is enhanced considerably by the addition of manganese dioxide. For the simple oxides, the activity decreases in the following series Mn02 > C02O3 > NiO > CuO (48). The catalysts containing nickel oxide are promoted by the addition of oxides of iron, copper, aluminum, and chromium. Iron, nickel, and cobalt chromites, as catalysts for the oxidation of CO, were investigated by Lory (30). 

The isomer ratios are often close to the equilibrium composition at the particular reaction temperature, indicating isomerization as well as dimerization catalytic activity. The two most extensively studied zeolite catalysts contain nickel and rhodium, incorporated via ion exchange, and will be discussed separately. 

The mechanical strength of the fluidized catalyst is a significant process issue that must be solved. To address this operational problem, a two-step approach was taken to (1) identify and develop economical and attrition resistant support materials that could withstand high-temperature fluidization, and (2) prepare reforming catalysts from the best supports. The catalysts, containing nickel oxide (NiO), manganese oxide (MgO) and/or potassium oxide (K2O), were then evaluated for attrition resistance and activity in a fluid bed system. 

Catalytic activity in the partial oxidation (CPO) of methane of some catalysts containing Ni or Rh/Ni active metals obtained by the calcination and reduction of hydrotalcite-like compounds was investigated. In particular, two hydrotalcite-like compounds subjected to the microwave-hydrothermal method (MWHT) were studied in order to evaluate the role of the synthesis method of the precursors on the catalytic activity and catalyst stability as compared to catalysts prepared by the convention method. The tests carried out at 750°C do not evidence any difference among catalysts. However, when the temperature is reduced to 500°C a better catalytic performance is observed for the microwave-assited catalysts containing nickel, whereas for the bimetallic catalyst the best activity is achieved with the conventional method. 

Although abundant supplies of methane exist, it can also be produced synthetically. For example, the reaction between steam and hot coal results in the formation of synthesis gas, a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. When this mixture is passed over a catalyst containing nickel metal, methane is formed. A very similar process, called the Sabatier process, uses a mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide, rather than carhon monoxide, also resulting in the formation... 

Catalysts containing nickel supported by or incorporated into clay structures have been used for oligomerization. Bercik et have shown that nickel-substituted micamontmorillonite is a very active catalyst for oligomerizing propene and butene. The incorporation of nickel, zinc and cobalt into micamontmorillonite by ion exchange had very little effect on selectivity for propene oligomerization mainly trimers and tetramers were formed. However, with this catalyst an improved lifetime was obtained. 

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