Doped zinc oxide

Table 3.5. Defect concentrations in zinc oxide doped with potassium...

Kim J, Kimura T, Yamaguchi ET. Sintering of zinc oxide doped with antimony oxide and bismuth oxide. J Tto Ceram Soc. 1989 72 1390-1395. DOI 10.1111/]. 1151-2916.1989.tb07659.x... 

Zinc oxide is a thoroughly studied typical semiconductor of n-type with the width of forbidden band of 3.2 eV, dielectric constant being 10. Centers responsible for the dope electric conductivity in ZnO are provided by interstitial Zn atoms as well as by oxygen vacancies whose total concentration vary within limits 10 - 10 cm. Electron mobility in monocrystals of ZnO at ambient temperature amounts to 200 cm -s". The depth of donor levels corresponding to interstitial Zn and oxygen vacancies under the bottom of conductivity band is several hundredth of electron volt [18]. 

The above results once again make clear the reason for relaxation of impurity conductivity of a zinc oxide film alter termination of a beam of metal particles used for doping the surface of these films. Additionally, these results contain earlier suppositions of molecular particles of metals being electrically inactive. 

It is through selecting a proper level of doping zinc oxide wildi elementary zinc that one can completely counterbalance the processes of zinc reduction and fixation on the adsorbent s surface to passivate thus the ZnO film as to the interaction with Hg. The film can be passivated... 

Xiong F1M, Shchukin DG, Mohwald H, Xu Y, Xia YY (2009) Sonochemical synthesis of hghly luminescent zinc oxide nanoparticles doped with magnesium (II). Angew Chem Int Ed... 

George, S. et al. (2010) Use of a rapid cytotoxicity screening approach to engineer a safer zinc oxide nanoparticle through iron doping. ACS Nano, 4 (1), 15-29. 

At low concentrations, defect clusters can be arranged at random, mimicking point defects but on a larger scale. This seems to be the case in zinc oxide, ZnO, doped with phosphorus, P. The favored defects appear to be phosphorus substituted for Zn, P n, and vacancies on zinc sites, Vzn. These defects are not isolated but preferentially form clusters consisting of (Pzn + 2V n). 

Other materials such as gold (< = 4.9 eV), aluminum (< = 4.2 eV), indium-doped zinc oxide, magnesium indium oxide, nickel tungsten oxide, or other transparent conductive oxide materials, have been studied as anodes in OLEDs. Furthermore, the WF of ITO can be varied by surface treatments such as application of a very thin layer of Au, Pt, Pd, or C, acid or base treatments, self-assembly of active surface molecules, or plasma treatment. 

N.W. Schmidt, T.S. Totushek, W.A. Kimes, D.R. Callender, and J.R. Doyle, Effects of substrate temperature and near-substrate plasma density on the properties of d.c. magnetron sputtered aluminum-doped zinc oxide, J. Appl. Phys., 94 5514-5521 (2003). 

K.R. Zhang, F.R. Zhu, C.H.A. Huan, A.T.S. Wee, and T. Osipowicz, Indium-doped zinc oxide films prepared by simultaneous rf and dc magnetron sputtering, Surf. Interface Anal., 28 271-274, 1999. 

S. Major and K.L. Chopra, Indium-doped zinc-oxide films as transparent electrodes for solar-cells, Sol. Energy Mater., 17 319-327, 1988. 

J. Hu and R.G. Gordon, Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition of gallium doped zinc oxide thin films from diethyl zinc, water, and triethyl gallium, J. Appl. Phys., 72 5381-5392, 1992. 

X. Jiang, F.L. Wong, M.K. Fung, and S.T. Lee, Aluminum-doped zinc oxide films as transparent conductive electrode for organic light-emitting devices, Appl. Phys. Lett., 83 1875-1877, 2003. 

Zinc chloride-doped natural phosphate was shown to have catalytic behavior in the 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of nucleoside acetylenes with azides to form triazolonucleosides <99SC1057>. A soluble polymer-supported 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of carbohydrate-derived 1,2,3-triazoles has been reported <99H(51)1807>. 2-Styrylchromones and sodium azide were employed in the synthesis of 4(5)-aryl-5(4)-(2-chromonyl)-1,2,3-triazoles <99H(51)481>. Lead(IV) acetate oxidation of mixed bis-aroyl hydrazones of biacetyl led to l-(a-aroyloxyarylideneamino)-3,5-dimethyl-l,2,3-triazoles <99H(51)599>. Reaction of 1-amino-3-methylbenzimidazolium chloride with lead(fV) acetate afforded l-methyl-l/f-benzotriazole <99BML961>. Hydrogenation reactions of some [l,2,3]triazolo[l,5-a]pyridines, [l,2,3]triazolo[l,5-a]quinolines, and [l,2,3]triazolo[l,5-a]isoquinolines were studied <99T12881>. 

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