Nickel naming

Raney nickel, named for its inventor, Murray Raney, is widely used in the industry, chiefly because it is inexpensive and exhibits a wide range of catalytic activities. Essentially, it is prepared by an NaOH leaching of A1 from a 50-50 alloy of Ni and Al. Various standard forms of Raney nickel are used, and discussions of these are readily available 6,7 Tablel.l lists some essentials of the preparation.8 The Raney process is used to prepare several other metal catalysts. 7,9,1°... 

Native platinum frequently contains traces of nickel, as evidenced by the spectrochemical examination of specimens from Russia, Spain, and America. A sample from Kitlim,1 for example, contained 0-1 per cent, of nickel or more.8 Only one previous analysis of platinum appears to have been recorded, containing nickel, namely, a magnetic platinum from Nizhne-Tagilsk, in which 0-75 per cent, of nickel was present. Platinum ores rich in iron yield the most intense nickel spectrum. 

Make a list of the known oxidation states of iron, cobalt, and nickel, naming the free ion, a complex ion, Mid a solid compound for each valence state, if they exist. 

Chloanthite (syn., white nickel) [Named from Greek, chloantos, greenish) (ICSD 2518 and PDF 35-752) (Ni,Co)As, Cubic 432 Isotropic 5.5 6400- 6600 Habit massive, granular, euhedral crystals. Color tin white or dark gray. Luster metallic. Diaphaneity opaque. Streak grayish black. Fracture uneven. 

What can be added to break apart the H-H bond In other words, what must be added to react with hydrogen gas to allow further reaction with an alkene Based on many experiments, the answer is a transition metal such as nickel. Indeed, addition of a small amount of nickel to a mixture of hydrogen gas and 1-heptene (27) gives an excellent yield of heptane. Obviously, the metal plays a key role in this reaction because the reaction does not occur without the nickel. Further experiments show that only a catalytic amount of the nickel is required. In this specific case, the type of nickel used is called Raney nickel—abbreviated as Ni(R)—which is a finely divided form of nickel named after Murray Raney (United States 1885-1966). 

This reagent, to which the name nioxime has been given, ia employed for the determination of palladium and may also be used for nickel it is soluble in water, and possesses advantages over dimethylglyoxime. The latter is used as a solution in alcohol and may therefore contaminate the palladium or nickel precipitate when added to an aqueous solution. 

Exceptions to the use of the root name of the central atom are antimonate, bismuthate, carbonate, cobaltate, nickelate (or niccolate), nitrate, phosphate, tungstate (or wolframate), and zincate. 

The first reported use of nickel [7440-02-0] Ni, was in a nickel—copper—2inc alloy produced in China in the Middle Ages and perhaps earlier. Alloys of nickel may have been used in prehistoric times. The metal was first isolated for analytical study in the mid-1700s by Axel Cronstedt, who named it nickel, which derives from the German word kupfemickel, or false copper. 

The greatest use of cubic boron nitride is as an abrasive under the name Bora2on, in the form of small crystals, 1—500 p.m in si2e. Usually these crystals are incorporated in abrasive wheels and used to grind hard ferrous and nickel-based alloys, ranging from high speed steel tools and chilled cast-iron to gas turbine parts. The extreme hardness of the crystals and their resistance to attack by air and hot metal make the wheels very durable, and close tolerances can be maintained on the workpieces. 

Good results are obtained with oxide-coated valve metals as anode materials. These electrically conducting ceramic coatings of p-conducting spinel-ferrite (e.g., cobalt, nickel and lithium ferrites) have very low consumption rates. Lithium ferrite has proved particularly effective because it possesses excellent adhesion on titanium and niobium [26]. In addition, doping the perovskite structure with monovalent lithium ions provides good electrical conductivity for anodic reactions. Anodes produced in this way are distributed under the trade name Lida [27]. The consumption rate in seawater is given as 10 g A ar and in fresh water is... 

Special quality steels - A vast range of special quality steels is made in electric arc furnaces by adding other metals to form steel alloys. The most commonly known of these is stainless steel, which has chromium and nickel added to form a corrosion-resistant steel. There are very many others however the very hard steels used to make machine tools, the steels specially formulated to make them suitable for engineering, steels developed to survive for decades the hostile environment of nuclear reactors, light but strong steels used in aerospace, extra tough steels for armor plating - to name but a few. 

Other uses include the manufacture of magnetic alloys. Of these the best known is Alnico , a steel containing, as its name implies, aluminium and nickel, as well as cobalt. It is used for permanent magnets which are up to 25 times more powerful than ordinary steel magnets. 

An alloy of nickel was known in China over 2000 years ago, and Saxon miners were familiar with the reddish-coloured ore, NiAs, which superficially resembles CU2O. These miners attributed their inability to extract copper from this source to the work of the devil and named the ore Kupfemickel (Old Nick s copper). In 1751 A. F. Cronstedt isolated an impure metal from some Swedish ores and, identifying it with the metallic component of Kupfemickel, named the new metal nickel . In 1804 J. B. Richter produced a much purer sample and so was able to determine its physical properties more accurately. 

The non-ferrous alloys include the misleadingly named nickel silver (or German silver) which contains 10-30% Ni, 55-65% Cu and the rest Zn when electroplated with silver (electroplated nickel silver) it is familiar as EPNS tableware. Monel (68% Ni, 32% Cu, traces of Mn and Fe) is used in apparatus for handling corrosive materials such as F2 cupro-nickels (up to 80% Cu) are used for silver coinage Nichrome (60% Ni, 40% Cr), which has a very small temperature coefficient of electrical resistance, and Invar, which has a very small coefficient of expansion are other well-known Ni alloys. Electroplated nickel is an ideal undercoat for electroplated chromium, and smaller amounts of nickel are used as catalysts in the hydrogenation of unsaturated vegetable oils and in storage batteries such as the Ni/Fe batteries. 

From these results, the Institut Fran ais du Petrole (IFF) has developed a biphasic version of its established monophasic Dimersol process , which is offered for licensing under the name Difasol process [98]. The Difasol process uses slightly acidic chloroaluminate ionic liquids with small amounts of allcylaluminiums as the solvent for the catalytic nickel center. In comparison to the established Dimersol process , the new biphasic ionic liquid process drastically reduces the consumption of Ni-cata-lyst and allcylaluminiums. Additional advantages arise from the good performance obtained with highly diluted feedstodcs and the significantly improved dimer selectivity of the Difasol process (for more detailed information see Section 5.3). 

The selective, Ni-catalyzed, biphasic dimerization of 1-butene to linear octenes has been studied in the author s group. A catalytic system well loiown for its ability to form linear dimers from 1-butene in conventional organic solvents - namely the square-planar Ni-complex (q-4-cycloocten-l-yl](l,l,l,5,5,5,-hexafluoro-2,4-pen-tanedionato-0,0 )nickel [(H-COD)Ni(hfacac)] [103] - was therefore used in chloroaluminate ionic liquids. 

The Institut Fran ais du Petrole has developed and commercialized a process, named Dimersol X, based on a homogeneous catalyst, which selectively produces dimers from butenes. The low-branching octenes produced are good starting materials for isononanol production. This process is catalyzed by a system based on a nickel(II) salt, soluble in a paraffinic hydrocarbon, activated with an alkylalumini-um chloride derivative directly inside the dimerization reactor. The reaction is sec-... 

Nickel reacts with sulfur to form a sulfide. If 2.986 g of nickel reacts with enough sulfur to form 5.433 g of nickel sulfide, what is the simplest formula of the sulfide Name the sulfide. 

In the many reports on photoelectron spectroscopy, studies on the interface formation between PPVs and metals, focus mainly on the two most commonly used top electrode metals in polymer light emitting device structures, namely aluminum [55-62] and calcium [62-67]. Other metals studied include chromium [55, 68], gold [69], nickel [69], sodium [70, 71], and rubidium [72], For the cases of nickel, gold, and chromium deposited on top of the polymer surfaces, interactions with the polymers are reported [55, 68]. In the case of the interface between PPV on top of metallic chromium, however, no interaction with the polymer was detected [55]. The results concerning the interaction between chromium and PPV indicates two different effects, namely the polymer-on-metal versus the metal-on-polymer interface formation. Next, the PPV interface formation with aluminum and calcium will be discussed in more detail. 

As has been shown by the X-ray diffraction method the parent metals (i.e. Pd or Ni), the a-phase, and /3-phase all have the same type of crystal lattice, namely face centered cubic of the NaCl type. However, the /9-phase exhibits a significant expansion of the lattice in comparison with the metal itself. Extensive X-ray structural studies of the Pd-H system have been carried out by Owen and Williams (14), and on the Ni-H system by Janko (8), Majchrzak (15), and Janko and Pielaszek (16). The relevant details arc to be found in the references cited. It should be emphasized here, however, that at moderate temperatures palladium and nickel hydrides have lattices of the NaCl type with parameters respectively 3.6% and 6% larger than those of the parent metals. Within the limits of the solid solution the metal lattice expands also with increased hydrogen concentration, but the lattice parameter does not depart significantly from that of the pure metal (for palladium at least up to about 100°C). 

Most of the as-isolated [NiFe] hydrogenases are inactive, and the nickel center exhibits an intense rhombic EPR signal termed Ni-A (g = 2.31, 2.26, and 2.02) with variable amounts of a second nickel species, named Ni-B (g = 2.33, 2.16, and 2.02), with slightly different... 

The discovery of a new heterodinuclear active site in [NiFe] hydro-genases opens the way for the proposal of catalytic cycles based on the available spectroscopic data on the different active site redox states, namely EXAFS studies that reveal that the Ni-edge energy upon reduction of the enzyme supports an increase in the charge density of the nickel (191). 

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