Toughness steels

Rotor Impactors The rotor of these machines is a cylinder to which is affixed a tough steel bar. Breakage can occur against this bar or on rebound from the walls of the device. Free impact breaking is the principle of the rotor breaker, and it does not rely on pinch crushing or attrition grinding between rotor hammers and breaker plates. 

Special quality steels - A vast range of special quality steels is made in electric arc furnaces by adding other metals to form steel alloys. The most commonly known of these is stainless steel, which has chromium and nickel added to form a corrosion-resistant steel. There are very many others however the very hard steels used to make machine tools, the steels specially formulated to make them suitable for engineering, steels developed to survive for decades the hostile environment of nuclear reactors, light but strong steels used in aerospace, extra tough steels for armor plating - to name but a few. 

Vanadium is used to make tough steels for automobile and truck springs. Because it is not economical to add the pure metal to iron, a ferroalloy of the metal, an alloy with iron and carbon, that is less expensive to produce, is used instead. 

A familiar military use of this principle is the 3.5 inch antitank rocket, or bazooka round. The explosive charge in the head of the rocket has a conical cavity in the forward end. When the charge is detonated against the side of a tank, the shock waves emerging from the conical cavity are focused on one spot where they will penetrate several inches of tough steel. 

Soft, tough steel structural steel, case-hardened machine parts, screws... 

If martensite is reheated to between 200 and 300 °C for an appropriate time and is then requenched, a partial crystallization of FeaC occurs, and a tough steel, sorbite, with properties intermediate between martensite and pearlite or bainite, is obtained. This process is known as the tempering of steel.12... 

S. Hao et al A hierarchical multi-physics model for design of high toughness steels. J. Comput.-Aided Mat. Des. 10, 99-142 (2003)... 

The rotor of these machines is a cylinder to which is affixed a tough steel bar. Breakage can occur against this bar or on rebound from the... 

V metal is used in ferroalloys (Fe, V, C) to make tough steels for automotive springs Exhibit positive oxidation numbers ranging from -i-l to -i-5 Common oxidation numbers are +4 and -i-5. 

Fuel bundles have been declad by transverse sawing with a hacksaw blade operated under water to provide cooling and prevent zircaloy fires. The preferred saw consists of a hardened tool-steel cutting edge welded to a tough-steel blade [H2]. More fines are produced than in shearing. 

For severe cutting operations, such as gear cutting or broaching and machining tough steels, fluids with EP additives are used at dilutions from 1 in 5 to 1 in 15. 

More usually referred to as a face mill , this cutter is used to face large smfaces. The cutter consists of a tough steel body with high-speed-steel or timgsten-carbide cutting edges in the form of inserts clamped in... 

S. Hao, W.K. Liu, B. Moran, F. Vemerey, G.B. Olson, Multi-scale constitutive model and computational framework for the design of ultra-high strength, high toughness steels, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 193 (2004) 1865—1908. 

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