Supported enzymes

Multimodular Synthases and Supporting Enzymes for Chemical Production... 

Bartling, G.J., Brown, H.D., and Chattopadhyay, S.K. (1973) Synthesis of a matrix-supported enzyme in non-aqueous conditions. Nature (London) 243, 342-344. 

Baxendale IR, Ley SV, Ernst M, Krahnert W-R (2002e) Application of polymer-supported enzymes and reagents in the synthesis of y-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogues. Synlett 1641-1644... 

Biocatalyzed reactions on polymeric supports Enzyme-labile linker groups... 

Tada, M. and Iwasawa, Y. (2009) Model Systems in Catalysis From Single Crystals and Size Selected Clusters to Supported Enzyme Mimics (ed. R.M. Rioux), Springer, in press. 

Note 3 Polymer-supported enzymes are a type of polymer-supported catalysts. 

I have no feeling for economic aspects. Industry does find it possible to use solid support enzymes. The unmodified polymer is relatively cheap. We have received 5 gal samples (of a 30% aqueous solution) at zero cost from industrial sources. Of course, our chemical modifications would add to the cost. Nevertheless, the initial material should present no economic problems, since it is available to us because it is being manufactured for some large-scale uses. 

Different forms of silicon dioxide have been used as supports for solid-phase organic synthesis. Silica gel is a rigid, insoluble material, which does not swell in organic solvents. Commercially available silica gel differs in particle size, pore size (typically 2-10 nm), and surface area (typically 200-800 m2/g). Like macroporous, highly cross-linked polystyrene, silica gel enables efficient and rapid transfer of solvents and reagents to its entire surface. Because the synthetic intermediates are only located on the surface of the support, enzyme-mediated reactions can be realized on silica [189,190], Silica gel is particularly well suited for continuous-flow synthesis because its volume stays constant and diffusion rates are high. 

Finally, (S )-coriolic acid (a metabolite of hnoleic acid) has been synthesized, in an enan-tiospecific fashion, by the use of the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme from baker s yeast in the presence of NADPH. In the key step of this synthesis, the supported enzyme/NADPH was used to reduce a bromovinyl ketone enantiospecifically (equation 71)291. 

The same supported enzyme under the same reaction conditions, with the exception that the reaction time was much longer (96 h), has brought about the enantioselective ring opening of the /3-lactam of racemic -3-azatricy-clo[4.2.1.02,s]nonan-4-one 132 to give the enantiomerically pure 133 (46% yield) and the bicyclic /3-lactam 134, both with ee 99% (Equation 15) <2004TA573>. 

Vieth WR, Venkatasubramanian K. Enzyme engineering Part I. The utility of supported enzyme systems. Chemtech November 1973 2 677-684. 

Cornwell RL, Tinland-Butez M-F, Tardone PJ, Cabasso I, Hammel KE. Lignin degradation and lignin peroxidase production in cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilized on porous ceramic supports. Enzyme Microb Technol 1990 12 916-920. 

Kopper S, Polymer-supported enzymic synthesis on a preparative scale, Carbohydrate Research, 265 161-66, 1994. 

In continuous manifolds (particularly flow injection manifolds), the word open is used to refer to those cases where the entire light or diameter of the tubing is occupied by liquids by contrast, packed is used when the solid material (a sorbent, a support-enzyme conjugate, etc.) fills a portion of the tube. In the context of continuous leaching manifolds, open as opposed to closed is used to distinguish linear manifolds from manifolds in which the liquid is recirculated with the aid of valves that convert the manifold from closed to open and vice versa. 

In applying this system, a biotinylated binding molecule (e.g., antigen, primary or secondary antibody) is allowed to interact with a target system (cells, microtiter plates, and so on). By uang an appropriate avidin-conju-gated probe (e.g., fluorescent or electron-dense marker, solid support, enzyme), the system can be used for a variety of different applications. 

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