Nickel alloy batteries

Hydrogen-storage alloys (18,19) are commercially available from several companies in the United States, Japan, and Europe. A commercial use has been developed in rechargeable nickel—metal hydride batteries which are superior to nickel—cadmium batteries by virtue of improved capacity and elimination of the toxic metal cadmium (see BATTERIES, SECONDARYCELLS-ALKALINe). Other uses are expected to develop in nonpolluting internal combustion engines and fuel cells (qv), heat pumps and refrigerators, and electric utility peak-load shaving. 

Cadmium, as cadmium oxide, is obtained mainly as a by-product during the processing of zinc-bearing ores and also from the refining of lead and copper from sulfide ores (USPHS 1993). In 1989, the United States produced 1.4 million kg of cadmium (usually 0.6 to 1.8 million kg) and imported an additional 2.7 million kg (usually 1.8 to 3.2 million kg). Cadmium is used mainly for the production of nickel-cadmium batteries (35%), in metal plating (30%), and for the manufacture of pigments (15%), plastics and synthetics (10%), and alloys and miscellaneous uses (10%) (USPHS 1993). 

Cadmium production is related to its use in electrochemical plants for metal galvanization (about 50%), for nickel-cadmium batteries and special alloys. 

Nickel is used mostly for the production of stainless steel and other nickel alloys with high corrosion and temperature resistance. Nickel alloys and nickel platings are used in vehicles, processing machinery, armaments, tools, electrical equipment, household appliances, and coins. Nickel compounds also are used as catalysts, pigments, and in batteries. 

Uses/Sources. Corrosion-resistant alloys, electroplating, production of catalysts, nickel-cadmium batteries nickel subsulfide (NisS2) is encountered in the smelting and refining of certain nickel ores and may be formed in petroleum refining from the use of nickel catalysts. 

Nickel salts are used in electroplating, ceramics, pigments, and as catalysts. Sinter nickel oxide is used as charge material in the manufacture of alloy steel and stainless steel. Nickel is also used in alkaline (nickel-cadmium) batteries. 

Nickel [7440-02-0] - [ALUMINUMANDALUMINUMALLOYS] (Vol2) - [EXTRACTION - LIQUID-LIQUID] (Vol 10) - [MAGNESIUMANDMAGNESIUMALLOYS] (Vol 15) - [NICKELCOMPOUNDS] (Vol 17) - [NICKEL AND NICKEL ALLOYS] (Vol 17) -air pollutant tracer [ATMOSPHERIC MODELING] (Vol 3) -m battenes [BATTERIES - SECONDARYCELLS - ALKALINE] (Vol 3)... 

Cadmium is widely used in industry for metal coating, pigments and paints, batteries, and in solder alloys. Its principal use is in the production of nickel-cadmium batteries required for portable electronic and electrical equipments. According to the U.S. Geological Survey, the total world refinery production in 1997 rose to 19,500 tons from 18,900 tons a year. 

A metal hydride battery similar to the nickel-cadmium battery has been developed by Sharp corporation. The battery is shaped in the form of a button of 20 mm diameter and can give 1.2 V. The anode in the battery is made of La-Ni-Sn alloy hydride, and the cathode is nickel oxide. Potassium hydroxide solution in polyamide-resin is the electrolyte. The battery exhibits high energy density (i.e.) 1.5 to 2.0 times that of the Ni-Cd battery, good cycling life and superior low temperature behaviours. 

Nickel and nickel compounds are widely used in plated coatings, nickel-cadmium batteries, certain pigments, ceramic glazes, and as industrial and laboratory catalysts. Nickel subsulfide is used in refining certain ores and in smelting operations. Nickel is commonly used in alloys such as stainless steel, alloy steel, and nonferrous metal mixtures. Coins, costume jewelry, plumbing equipment, and electrodes are often made from nickel-containing alloys. 

Use Alloys (especially ferrotitanium) as structural material in aircraft, jet engines, missiles, marine equipment, textile machinery, chemical equipment (especially as anode in chloride production), desalination equipment, surgical instruments, orthopedic appliances, food-handling equipment X-ray tube targets abrasives cermets metal-ceramic brazing, especially in nickel-cadmium batteries for space vehicles electrodeposited and dipped coatings on metals and ceramics electrodes in chlorine battery. 

Nickel and its alloys are extensively used in electrochemical applications due to its good corrosion resistance. In battery applications, nickel is used as the positive electrode in nickel-cadmium, nickel-iron, nickel-zinc, and nickel-hydrogen batteries, and as anodes in fuel cells, electrolyte cells and electro-organic syntheses . Because of the importance of nickel in battery applications, electrochemical properties of nickel have been studied for more than IOC years since 1887 when Dun and... 

Other alloys with steel and other metals Electroplating Coins and jewelry Nickel-cadmium batteries Catalysts for hydrogenation Light stabilizer in polyolefins... 

Of course, one of the most common uses for nickel is coinmaking, specifically, the five-cent coin. The nickel coin is an alloy made of copper and nickel. Another important and common use for this metal is the nickel-cadmium battery, which contains a nickel-oxide electrode. This battery is rechargeable, making it ideal for calculators, computers, and other small electrical appliances. 

Nickel. Although not an alloying element, nickel enters the lead stream through the addition of nickel-cadmium battery scrap (unintentional and/or intentional) or stainless-steel parts to the furnace. It is removed from lead by the addition of caustic soda at the solidus point of the alloy. 

During the past few decades there has been a rapid growth in the industrial demand for nickel. Nickel (Ni) is used in steel production, in alloys (e.g., for coins and domestic utensils), in electroplating, and in nickel-cadmium batteries. After a prolonged period of relatively level production, nickel output over the past two years has begun to rise as existing producers have expanded their output. Annual nickel production in the western world has risen by almost 4% to 678 000 tons, and a further increase of several percent is expected in the years to come (Seifert and Anke 1999). The prevalence of nickel allergy is about 10% for women, and about 2% for men (Lieden 1994). 

---