Target tubes

Euel assembhes became much more sophisticated, eventually consisting of concentric tubes made from an outer sheath, three fuel tubes, and an inner lithium-target tube, thus having four coolant channels. Locally developed extmsion techniques were used. 

In 1950, Beeghly6 published results obtained by Method I on tin plate. Pie used a polychromatic beam from a copper-target tube to excite the K lines of iron in the substrate and measured the intensity of the radiant energy that passed the collimating slit to reach the Geiger counter that served as detector (Figure 6-1). A manganese filter in the... 

High-resolution x-ray spectroscopy was employed successfully to determine the chemical state of sulfur in coal. Fluorescent x-rays from pressed coal powders, excited with x-rays from a chromium target tube, were analyzed using a germanium crystal. The sulfur Ka radiation increased with increasing oxidation number, allowing quantitative determinations of the sulfur types. 

X-ray powder diffraction data for all samples were collected via a Phillips x-ray diffractometer with a copper target tube and a diffracted beam monochromater. Ruthenium and RuC>2 particle sizes were estimated by x-ray line shape profile analysis using a single profile technique which provides diffracting particle size, microstrain, and the particle size distribution (10). 

Figure 5. Effect of radiation wavelength on quartz and zircon profiles. The two profiles are better resolved with a chromium target tube (k = 0.229 nm) than with a copper tube (k = 0.154 nm).

What voltage must be applied to a molybdenum-target tube in order that the emitted x-rays excite K fluorescent radiation from a piece of copper placed in the x-ray beam What is the wavelength of the fluorescent radiation ... 

Fig. 15-9 Calibration curve for the determination of lead in oil. Ipt, is the intensity of the Pb La line. Tungsten-target tube (40 kV, 20 mA), LiF analyzing crystal, scintillation counter. Jenkins and DeVries [G.37].

A Philips PW-14(X) wavelength dispersive spectrometer equipped with four crystals (LiF, Ge, PET, and TIAP) was used for the analysis. The rhodium target tube was operated at 2.5 kW (50 kV and 50 mA). The sample holders were 32 mm in diameter with a copper mask. The elements determined and their respective peak and background times are shown in Table 2. The intensity ratio method was employed using a synthetic monitor specimen. 

Values calculated for 0.5-g specimen + 6 g of Na2B4Oi. rhodium target tube at 45 kV, Philips geometry (64/35°), Lachance-Trail algorithm. ... 

If the X-ray tube power is increased to 400 W and a Pd target tube is used in the geometry shown in Fig. 3 together with a HOPG (highly oriented pyrolithic graphite) crystal, Pd L-lines can be used for the excitation. This will lead to an improvement in the sensitivity, which can be seen in Fig. 4, where a spectrum, measured with a sample with sulfur content of 100 mg/kg, was analyzed. The peak-to-background ratio is improved to 3.7 1 the intensity of the S fluorescence line is increased by a factor of 3 in comparison to the example of direct excitation from above. 

No spectrograms of the crystals containing 24 or 30 molecules of water of hydration have been obtained, because they effloresce rapidly in air, and do not preserve their crystal structure more than a few minutes, while an exposure of two to three days is necessary to secure a diffraction pattern when using a molybdenum target tube. 

Target processing tree is attached and sealed properly Operator detects corrects faulty seal Target is heated nominally Operator takes Corrective action Septum, gauge, and target tube remain intact Sequence... 

The initial corrosion test racks were made with tube ends cut from unirradiated fuel and target tubes (Fig. 1.4) They were pretreated to 95°C in deionized water for 30 h to develop a 1 mi thick high temperature boehmite (aluminium oxide) layer on the surfaces. 

Tb as internal standard W-target tube, flow proportiona] counter... 

XRF Ce, Pr, Sm, NdtO, W-target tube, LiF crystal 50-100 ppm Chandola and Mobile... 

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