Surgical instruments

Carbon filters find particular application as prefilters for RO and ion-exchange processes in the production of high purity FW. They are also used in clean-steam boilers and other types of steam generators where the steam is ultimately destined for application in food or beverage production, pharmaceuticals, electronics, surgical instrument sterilization, and similar processes. 

No contribution to taste or smell and safe to use where steam comes into contact with air, food, surgical instruments, industrial process, etc. 

D-value (decimal reduction time, DRT) is the time in minutes required to destroy 90% of a population of cells. The D-value has little relevance to the sterilization of medicines for injection, surgical instruments or dressings, where a process designed to kill all living spores must be developed. The D-value is used extensively in the food industry. 

Stellite (alloy of cobalt, tungsten, chromium, and molybdenum) used for surgical instruments. 

M Ruthenium is inert and resistant. It is therefore particularly well suited for surgical instruments. 

Rare, shiny, and lightest metal of the platinum group. Hardens platinum and palladium. The presence of 0.1 % of ruthenium in titanium improves its resistance to corrosion 100-fold. The spectacular catalytic properties of ruthenium are used on industrial scales (hydrogenations, sometimes enan-tioselective, and metathesis). Titanium electrodes coated with ruthenium oxide are applied in chlorine-alkaline electrolysis. Suitable for corrosion-resistant contacts and surgical instruments. 

Titanium alloys generally show a combination of strength and biocompatibility which makes them suitable for medical devices (prosthesis, surgical instruments). The high strength Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy has several orthodontic applications. Only a limited number of alloys have the necessary combinations of properties needed for successful use in the human body. Titanium and its alloys, stainless steels and cobalt-chromium alloys are the workhorse alloys in the medical device industry. 

About 90% of all the zirconium produced in the United States is used in the nuclear electrical power industry. Since it does not readily absorb neutrons, it is a desired metal in the manufacture of nuclear reactors and their fuel tubes, but it must be free of its twin hafnium for these purposes. Zirconium is also used as an alloy with steel to make surgical instruments. 

Palladium is used in the manufacture of surgical instruments, electrical contacts, springs for watches and clocks, high-quality spark plugs, and special wires and as white gold in jewelry. Because it is noncorrosive, it is used as a coating for other metals and to make dental fillings and crowns. 

Tantalum is almost as chemically inert at room temperatures (it has the ability to resist chemical attacks, including hydrofluoric acid) as are platinum and gold. It is often substituted for the more expensive metal platinum, and its inertness makes it suitable for constructing dental and surgical instruments and artificial joints in the human body. 

Iridosmine is not a compound, but an alloy of iridium, osmium, and a small amount of platinum that is used to make fine-pointed surgical instruments and needles and to form the fine tips of fountain pens. It is used worldwide to make weights because it resists oxidation better than any other alloyed metals. 

Class 1, for example, dressings for nose bleeds, hand-held dentistry mirrors, enema devices, reusable surgical instruments... 

Used as antiseptic disinfectant for surgical, instruments, utensils, baths etc. 

Less volatile, less pungent, less irritating. 2% solution is used to disinfect surgical instruments endoscopes. 

Modifications of surface of materials adapted for contact with human or animal tissues to impart biofunctional properties. These apply typically to ocular implants, surgical instruments, medical devices, or contact lenses. ... 

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