Production nickel

Thoria-dispersed nickel products are obtained by precipitating basic nickel compounds, whereby thoria particles of ca 100 nm are coated with layers of nickel to the extent that the product has a 2% thoria dispersion. 

The obvious destination for nickel waste is in the manufacture of stainless steel, which consumes 65% of new refined nickel production. Stainless steel is produced in a series of roasting and smelting operations. These can be hospitable to the various forms of nickel chemical waste. In 1993, 3 x 10 t of nickel from nickel-containing wastes were processed into 30 x 10 t of stainless steel remelt alloy (205,206) (see Recycling, nonferrous metals). This quantity is expected to increase dramatically as development of the technology of waste recycle coUection improves. 

Tubes and Perforated Tubes Electrodepositing nickel non-adherently all over the curved surface of a cylinder, and then sliding off the coating, produces a tubular nickel product. Some tubes manufactured in this way are plain, but most are perforated. They are used industrially for screen printing textiles, carpets and wall paper . 

Figure 5.9 Sherritt-Gordon process of nickel production.

Total world mine production of nickel is projected to increase steadily from 7500 metric tons in 1900 to 2 million tons by 2000 (Table 6.2). In 1980, nickel mine production in the United States was 14,500 tons or about 1.8% of the world total (Kasprzak 1987). In 1986, primary nickel production ceased in the United States. Secondary nickel production from scrap became a major source of nickel for industrial applications (USPHS 1993). In 1988, the United States imported 186,000 tons of primary nickel Canada supplied 58% of the total and Norway 14% (USPHS 1993). In 1990, Canada produced 196,606 metric tons of nickel. About 63% of the total production was exported, mostly (56%) to the United States (Chau and Kulikovsky-Cordeiro 1995). 

The amount of exported nickel dropped sharply in 1986 to 15,217 tons from 35,245 tons the previous year (Kirk 1988a), which coincided with the cessation of primary nickel production in the United States. The nickel content of exported primary and secondary nickel in 1994 was 2,953 tons, most of which was in the form of unwrought metal (NTD 1996). 

Wamer JS. 1984. Occupation exposure to airborne nickel in producing and using primary nickel products. In Sunderman FW Jr, Aitio A, Berlin A, eds. Nickel in the human environment. lARC scientific publication no. 53. Lyon, France International Agency for Research on Cancer 419-437. 

Recovery of Ni2+ from the Waste Liquors of a Nickel Production Plant... 

Nickel yields a considerable number of alloys, some of which are of great technical importance. Chief amongst these are the alloys of nickel and iron, known generally as nickel steels and special ferroalloys. At least half of the world s nickel production is employed in ordinary peace times in the manufacture of these, whilst during the Great European War of 1914 to 1918 probably three-quarters were consumed for this purpose. 

Ctbtf Cobalt ite, CoAsS Smaltife, CoAsj Unnaeite, C03S1 Byproduct of copper and nickel production ... 

The use of spent nickel catalyst in its posthydrogenation form is limited. The only available example of its use is by the M.A. Hanna Company (Cleveland, Ohio). This company mines and smelts nickel, producing a ferro-nickel product of primary use in the production of stainless steels. To conserve its nickel supplies, Hanna modified its system for feeding the production line to allow mixing of spent nickel catalyst with the nickel containing ores at up to 10% of the total nickel feed (108). 

Cobalt is produced as a coproduct of nickel or copper refining. Copper-cobalt sulfide concentrates can be processed by the RLE process. Mixed cobalt-nickel sulfides can be precipitated from ammoniacal leach solutions and as mixed nickel-cobalt hydroxide or carbonate from acid sulfate leach processes. From chloride leach solutions, cobalt can be separated by solvent extraction. Most cobalt production is associated with nickel production from sulfide and laterite ores. Pressure leaching, solvent extraction followed by the electrowinning of... 

Note that uncertainties in the ignition conditions of the degenerate star leads to some irreducible diversity of the explosion kinetic energy, peak luminosity, nickel production for the same initial configuration. Modeling of light curves of SN la turns out to be a powerful tool to check the SN la explosion models (see recent calculations by multi-group radiation hydrocode STELLA [21]). 

During the past few decades there has been a rapid growth in the industrial demand for nickel. Nickel (Ni) is used in steel production, in alloys (e.g., for coins and domestic utensils), in electroplating, and in nickel-cadmium batteries. After a prolonged period of relatively level production, nickel output over the past two years has begun to rise as existing producers have expanded their output. Annual nickel production in the western world has risen by almost 4% to 678 000 tons, and a further increase of several percent is expected in the years to come (Seifert and Anke 1999). The prevalence of nickel allergy is about 10% for women, and about 2% for men (Lieden 1994). 

These topics are discussed in detail in monographs and reviews (NAS 1975, IPCS 1991, Barceloux 1999, Mastromatteo 1986, Sunderman 1984, 2001a). Nickel constitutes less than 0.008% of the Earth s crust. The world s nickel production is obtained primarily from sulfide ores (e.g., pentlandite and nickeliferous pyrrhotite) and, to lesser extent, from oxides ores (e.g., laterite). Nickel sulfide ores, usually mined underground, are crushed and ground, concentrated by physical methods, converted to nickel subsulfide matte, and roasted to nickel oxide. The nickel oxide may be refined electrolytically to yield nickel cathodes or refined by the Mond process, which involves reduction with hydrogen, reaction with carbon monoxide to yield nickel carbonyl, and thermal decomposition to deposit pure nickel. Nickel oxide ores, usually mined in open pits, are smelted to produce ferronickel for use in stainless steel. 

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