Nervousness methylphenidate

The side effects of methylphenidate are very similar to the amphetamines, but because it is somewhat less potent they may be a little milder. The common side effects of methylphenidate are appetite loss, weight loss, insomnia, and nausea. Taking methylphenidate with meals and no later than 6 PM can control most of these. On rare occasions, methylphenidate can cause headache, dizziness, nervousness, increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, tics, and, in extremely rare cases, paranoia. 

Adverse reactions with other methylphenidate hydrochloride products -Nervousness and insomnia are the most common adverse reactions reported with other methylphenidate products. In children, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, weight loss during prolonged therapy, insomnia, and tachycardia may occur more frequently however, any of the other adverse reactions listed also may occur. 

Despite the documented efficacy and safety of the psychostimulants, their mechanism of action is not fully understood. Stimulants affect central nervous system (CNS) dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) pathways crucial in frontal lobe function. The stimulants act by causing release of catecholamines from the DA axons and blocking their reuptake. Methylphenidate releases catecholamines from long-term stores, so its effects can be blocked by pretreatment with reserpine. Amphetamines, on the other hand, release catecholamines from recently formed storage granules near the surface of the presynaptic neuron, so their action is not blocked by reserpine. In addition, the stimulants bind to the DA transporter in striatum (see Figures 2.6 and 2.7) and block the reuptake of both DA and NE. This action reduces the rate that catecholamines are removed from the synapse back into the axon and leads... 

Methylphenidate possesses two asymmetric carbon moieties, giving rise to four optical isomers d-threo, /-threo, d-erythro, and /-erythro (Patrick et ah, 1987). There is stereoselectivity in receptor site binding and its relationship to response. The standard preparation is comprised of the threo racemate as it appears to be the central nervous system (CNS) active form (Patrick et ah, 1987 Hubbard et ah, 1989). In addition, in rats, the d-methylphenidate isomer shows greater reuptake inhibition of DA and NE than the /-isomer (Patrick et ah, 1987). D-Methylphenidate is now available under the brand name Focalin. 

Even when effective in controlling behavior, Ritalin and other stimulants have side effects common with use of amphetamines. These include nervousness, insomnia, and perhaps some more long-term problems such as dependency, slowed growth, or depression. Critics sometimes note the similarity between cocaine and the active chemical ingredient in Ritalin, methylphenidate. Both stimulate the dopamine system of the brain, but cocaine does so quickly and methylphenidate does so slowly. The similarities show in the abuse of Ritalin for its pleasure-inducing qualities. 

The most commonly abused prescription drugs are opioids and opiates such as oxycodone and morphine, central nervous system depressants such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines, and stimulants such as dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate. Brand-name painkillers such as Vicodin and OxyContin, depressants such as Valium and Xanax, and stimulants such as Ritalin and Dexedrine are commonly abused (as are some OTC cough remedies). Although helpful and safe when used appropriately, these drugs can cause serious harm when taken in unapproved ways. 

The primary drug therapies are psychostimulants which are indicated for both emotional based sleep disorders (i.e., narcolepsy) as well as ADHD. The drugs of choice are Ritalin (methylphenidate), dextroamphetamine or Cylert (pemoline), all CNS stimulants that effect the monoamine systems. The current therapies provide symptomatic relief but the current medications are not without side effects, including abuse potential, cardiovascular effects, insomnia, appetite suppression, head and stomach aches, crying and nervous mannerisms. 

Methylphenidate is considered a mild central nervous system stimulant that affects the brain and nerves, relieving fatigue, and inducing clearer thoughts for relatively short periods. According to the DEA, possible effects experienced by those who do not have ADHD or narcolepsy include increased alertness, excitation, and euphoria. Increased energy and increased mental clarity may be experienced for a short period. 

A piperidine derivative, methylphenidate facilitates the release of catecholamines and blocks their reuptake and degradation (27). It is considered to be a mild central nervous system (CNS) stimulant, which appears to stimulate brain structures in a manner similar to amphetamines (26). A strongly favored treatment for ADHD, methylphenidate prescriptions account for over 90% of prescription stimulants used in the United States (28). Both children and adults who have been diagnosed with ADHD have been treated with methylphenidate with a high degree of success (29,30). A review of the studies in which stimulants were used by children with ADHD indicated significant evidence for improvement in hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity (28). 

Methylphenidate (Ritalin Ritalin SR Concerta Metadate) doses range from 5 mg/day bid to a maximum of 60 mg/day, divided fid. Side effects include nervousness, insomnia, loss of appetite and headaches. 

Central nervous system stimulants, e.g., amphetamine, methylphenidate (Ritalin) and cocaine... 

In 2005, a study appeared in Cancer Letters that would have evoked widespread media coverage if it had been about an illegal drug, rather than about a pharmaceutical company product (El-Zein, 2005). Researchers from the University of Texas examined 12 children treated with therapeutic effects of Ritalin to determine whether this central nervous system stimulant produces cytogenetic abnormalities in pediatric patients at therapeutic doses. Using peripheral blood lymphocytes taken from the children, they found a 2.4-fold increase in chromosome aberrations and similar defects. They concluded, These findings warrant further investigations of the possible health effects of methylphenidate in humans, especially in view of the well-documented relationship between elevated frequencies of chromosome aberrations and increased cancer risk. ... 

Q7 Side effects of methylphenidate are appetite suppression, nausea, abdominal pain, nervousness, irritability and insomnia. The patient s blood pressure needs to be checked as use of the drug may involve headaches and dizziness. In the long term, the medication may affect a child s height and weight and his growth should be monitored during prolonged treatment. The effectiveness of the medication should also be reassessed before the onset of puberty. 

Side effects of modafinil include headache, nausea, nervousness, and insomnia. Amphetamines and methylphenidate have a fast onset of effect and durations of 3 to 4 hours and 6 to 10 hours, respectively, for excessive... 

INDIRECT ANALGESICS Dexamfetamine and methylphenidate t the analgesic effects and 1 the sedation of opioids when used for chronic pain Uncertain complex interaction between the sympathetic nervous system and the opioid receptors Opioid requirements may be 1 when patients also take indirect sympathomimetics... 

This drug is a central nervous system stimulant that is considered to prevent the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into the presynaptic neurones and increase the release of these neurotransmitters to the extraneuronal space. A high-fat meal increases its absorption. Methylphenidate in animal experiments was found to inhibit CYP1A and CYP2E1 by 50%. It is metabolized by de-esterification to inactive metabolites. 

Central Nervous System Stimulants Central nervous system stimulants include agents such as the amphetamines (Dexedrine) and methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin), used to elevate mood, suppress appetite, and control hyperkinetic disorders in children. Other examples include the illegal drugs methamphet-amine and cocaine. The mechanism of action of these drugs is to augment actions of the adrenergic nervous system. 

Methylphenidate is a piperidine derivative, structurally related to amphetamine, but a milder central nervous system stimulant. However, large doses produce symptoms of generalized central nervous system stimulation and convulsions. It is more active than amphetamine as an antidepressant, as a treatment for overdosage of depressant drugs, and in exacerbating schizophremc symptoms. Occasionally, anorexia, nausea, dry mouth, nervousness, insomnia, dizziness, and palpitation have been recorded. 

Methylphenidate (MPH, Ritalin ) is a central nervous system stimulant that is used for the treatment of attention deficit disorders, with and without hyperactivity, and narcolepsy. MPH has two chiral centres and is marketed as a racemic mixture. It is known that d-threo-MP is pharmacologically more active than l-threo-MPH. The drag is rapidly metabohzed in humans to the inactive ritalinic acid. High-throughput analysis with chiral selectivity is demanded for the bioanalysis of MPH and its major metabolite. 

Many drugs used for recreational as well as medical purposes can stimulate the central nervous system and so are referred to as stimulants. We separate. stimulants into tsvo groups according to their legal and social status. Controlled stimulants such as cocaine, amphetamines, methylphenidate (Ritalin), and related compounds are treated in this chapter, and over-the-counter stimulants such as nicotine and caffeine are dealt with in Chapters 7 and 8. We first consider the hi.story of stimulant use and discuss some of the effects of cocaine and the amphetamines as we review their history. Then we turn to a more detailed treatment of the pharmacology of these stimulants. 

Dexamphetamine is one of the most powerful and best known psychomotor stimulants, and other similar agents include dexfenfluramine. diethylpropion and fenfluramine. All these are on the controlled drugs list, and have a limited medical use as appetite suppressants. Such drugs work by interacting with the release of monoamines within the central (and peripheral) nervous system, and can be regarded as indirect SYMPATHOMIMEtics. Recently, there has been some use of the weak amphetamine-like stimulant methylphenidate to treat attention-deficient hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. 

Methylphenidate is similar to amphetamine and, like amphetamine, stimulates the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord. Stimulant drugs affect mood and alertness, and depress food appetite by increasing levels of several neurotransmitters in the brain. Although the exact therapeutic mode of action of methylphenidate is not known, the drug has been shown to elevate levels of some of these neurotransmitters, primarily dopamine and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). 

The tricyclic and other NE-active antidepressants do not block dopamine (DA) transport via DAT) they thereby differ from central nervous system (CNS) stimulants, including cocaine, methylphenidate, and amphetamines see Chapter 10). Nevertheless, they may indirectly facilitate effects of DA by inhibiting the nonspecific transport of DA into noradrenergic terminals in the cerebral cortex. Tricyclic antidepressants also can desensitize D antoreceptors through uncertain mechanisms and with uncertain behavioral contributions. 

Some drugs that act primarily on the central nervous system are diseussed under this category, namely flurothyl, mazindol, phentermine and methylphenidate hydrochloride. 

The 10-year-old child diagnosed with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is taking methylphenidate (Ritalin), a central nervous stimulant. Which assessment data would warrant intervention from the pediatric clinic nurse ... 

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