Nervous system stimulants and

Cocaine is the oldest of the local anaesthetics. It is a central nervous system stimulant and is habit-forming. See ecgonine. 

This sympathomimetic amine exudes similar pharmacologic activity as the amphetamines, resulting in central nervous system stimulation and appetite suppression. This drug is indicated for short-term use in conjunction with a reduced-calorie diet and exercise in obese patients with a BMI of 30 kg/m2 or greater following failed attempts of diet and exercise alone.40... 

It is true that the degree of system damage may be determined in part by the nature of the exposure thus, in mammals, high concentrations of DDT may produce central nervous system stimulation and cardiac irregularities, while low concentrations, absorbed over a period of time, may produce damage primarily to parenchymal tissues (3). Generally, similar chemical types exert approximately similar qualitative physiologic... 

Due to the large number of references which appeared to be worth mentioning, it became necessary to divide this review into two parts. The present part deals mainly with pyridazines as chemotherapeutics, antithrombotics, antise-cretory and anti-ulcer agents, analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents as well as with various central nervous system stimulants and depressants. Part 2 of this review, which is planned for a future volume of this Series, will be devoted mainly to compounds which act on the cardiovascular system and to a discussion of miscellaneous additional pharmacological activities of pyridazine derivatives. 

Accidental human exposures have resulted in eye irritation, choking sensation, chest pain, dyspnea, lethargy, nausea, and skin irritation. On the basis of the results of exposure in dogs, the effects expected in humans from exposure for 60 minutes are 100 ppm, irritation of eyes and mucous membranes 2 00 ppm, marked central nervous system stimulation and perhaps death 900 ppm, convulsions and death. Impairment of liver function (elevated SGPT levels) has been reported in 47 of 1193 workers exposed to 1,1-dimethylhydrazine under vari-... 

Liquid oral tonic preparations containing glycerophosphates and/or other phosphates and/or central nervous system stimulant and such preparations containing alchohol more than 20 proof. 

Ritalin has been hailed by many parents and teachers as a miracle pill once described by its makers (Novartis, formerly Ciba-Geigy Pharmaceuticals) as a mild central nervous system stimulant and by the New York Times as a mild stimulant that is roughly [equivalent to] a jolt of strong coffee. 24 These statements belie the fact that Ritalin has been known, since it was first marketed in the mid-1950s, to be a highly addictive drug subject to widespread abuse. 

Ellinwood, E., Tong, H. (1996). Central nervous system stimulants and anorectic agents. In M. N. G. Dukes (Ed.), Meyler s side effects of drugs An encyclopedia of adverse reactions and interactions (13th ed., pp. 1-30). New York Elsevier. 

Anticholinergics, central nervous system stimulants and depressants, antihistamines, and phenothiazines can all cause mydriasis (Box 35-1). 

The drugs used (analeptics) are central nervous system stimulants and the therapeutic dose is close to that which causes convulsions. Their use must therefore be carefully monitored. 

Methylphenidate is a piperidine derivative, structurally related to amphetamine, but a milder central nervous system stimulant. However, large doses produce symptoms of generalized central nervous system stimulation and convulsions. It is more active than amphetamine as an antidepressant, as a treatment for overdosage of depressant drugs, and in exacerbating schizophremc symptoms. Occasionally, anorexia, nausea, dry mouth, nervousness, insomnia, dizziness, and palpitation have been recorded. 

The main adverse effects of phenmetrazine reflect central nervous system stimulation and resemble those of other stimulants. There have been reports of encephalopathy as a result of phenmetrazine toxicity. There were also two cases of damage to the central nervous system after longterm treatment with phenmetrazine in one, there were disseminated lesions, and in the other, hemiparesis and sensory motor aphasia (3). 

Central nervous system stimulants and drugs that... 

Yohimbine has US FDA approval to reverse the effects of xylazine in dogs. Toxic effects are similar to those observed in humans. Hypertension, tachycardia, central nervous system stimulation, and antidiuresis may occur. 

Alkaloids are classified according to their heterocyclic rings. For example, cocaine, a central nervous system stimulant, and atropine, a muscle relaxant, are examples of the tropane alkaloids in which a nitrogen appears in a bridge of a seven-membered ring structure. Nicotine, the addictive and toxic component of tobacco, is an example of the pyridine alkaloids in which a nitrogen appears as a member of a six atom aromatic ring. (Nicotine is an effective insecticide.) The addictive... 

Tea is made by processing the leaves of the tea tree Camellia sinensis, which originated in the southern areas of Yunnan province in China, and is now spread throughout the world. This plant has been used as a medicine for 5,000 years, and was probably first selected because its leaves contain a high concentration of caffeine. Caffeine is a central nervous system stimulant, and other caffeine-containing plant products, such as coffee beans, cacao beans, guarana berries, kola nuts, and mate leaves, have been selected and used to make beverages by people on various continents. 

As glutamic acid is known to be involved in the biochemistry of the central nervous system, various cyclic imides of glutamic acid derivatives have attracted attention as potential central nervous system depressants. " These compounds (150) have been made the subject of a patent claiming central nervous system stimulant and depressant activity in mice." Another 6-oxo compound (132) has been claimed to have antiviral activity. ... 

A. Indoramin. A 43-year-old woman died 6 hours after ingesting 2.5 g central nervous system stimulation and seizures were also reported. 

Amphetamine, methamphetamine and ephedrine all have similar structures and each has two enantiomers. Amphetamine is a central nervous system stimulant and an anorexic. Methamphetamine is also an anorexic and is frequently used for treating attention disorders with hyperactivity. Ephedrine, on the other hand, although of similar structure has quite different physiological effects. Ephedrine (1) is a commonly used as a bronchodilator whereas (d) ephedrine (pseudoephedrine) is used as a decongestant. The separation of the six isomers of amphetamine, methamphetamine and ephedrine is shown in figure 6.17. 

The systematic name of this compound is (S)-1-phenyl-2-propanamine. Its common name is amphetamine.The dextrorotatory isomer of amphetamine (shown here) is a central nervous system stimulant and is manufactured and sold under several trade names. The salt with sulfuric acid is marketed as Dexedrine sulfate. 

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