Shale oil properties

It has been noted that shale oil properties can vary with the percentage yield of a thermal process. The percentage of oil recovery compared with the Fischer assay is presented in Table III, which shows some more characteristics of the retorting runs of Table II. The data... 

Properties. The composition of shale oil has depended on the shale from which it was obtained as well as on the retorting method by which it was produced. Properties of shale oils from various locations are given in Table 8. A comparison of a Green River shale oil and a Michigan Antrim shale oil, retorted under similar conditions, is given in Table 9. 

Shale oil contains large quantities of olefinic hydrocarbons (see Table 8), which cause gumming and constitute an increased hydrogen requirement for upgrading. Properties for cmde shale oil are compared with petroleum cmde in Table 10. High pour points prevent pipeline transportation of the cmde shale oil (see Pipelines). Arsenic and iron can cause catalyst poisoning. 

Table 11. Properties of Shale Oil during the Unocal Upgrading Process ...

Among the natively fluorescent compounds determined by the POCL reaction are PAHs in different matrices such as coal tar [100] and biomass emissions [101], and amino-PAHs in shale oil, coal oil, and coal gasifier tar [102], Nitro-PAHs have no fluorescent properties, but have been reduced online (either pre-or postcolumn) to the corresponding amino-PAHs [103], The two fluorescent drugs dipyridamole and benzydamine have been determined in rat plasma by... 

The government also held oil shale lands in Utah and Colorado that were opened to development during the 1980s as an alternate source of fossil fuels. In 1996 Congress authorized the divestment of several Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves properties. 

Lockard JM, Prater JW, Viau CJ, et al. 1982. Comparative study of the genotoxic properties of Eastern and Western U.S. shale oils, crude petroleum, and coal-derived oil. Mutat Res 102(3) 221-235. 

Property 1 North Sea 2 Tia Juana Coal oil Shale oil 1 Biomass... 

The coal reserves are very large, but the mobility of coal is difficult (by truck, train, or shiploads) as compared to oil and gas (by pipelines). In order to transfer coal in pipelines, one has to make coal slurries. Coal is finely divided, and after that, it is dispersed in water or oil such that a suitable slurry for pipeline transfer can be suitably achieved. Something similar is already being developed in the shale oil industry (in Canada). Coal can thus be transported through pipelines after being dispersed in conjunction with water, oil, etc. This industrial development is based on many aspects related to the surface properties of coal. 

The crude shale oil used in this study was obtained from an in situ combustion retorting experiment at Rock Springs, Wyo. (I, 2), during the last week of the experiment and is considered a representative steady state oil. Properties of the in situ crude shale oil are shown in Table I. 

Charge stock for the catalyst testing experiment was prepared by topping a sample of the in situ crude shale oil to 600°F in a batch still equipped with a column having 35 trays and then separating the 600°— 1000°F fraction in a vacuum flash distillation unit. Properties of the 600°-1,000°F fraction of in situ crude shale oil are shown in Table III. 

Table III. Properties of 600°—1000°F Distillate from in Situ Crude Shale Oil...

In Table X the properties of the syncrude prepared from in situ crude shale oil are compared with the properties of a syncrude listed by the NPC. Relative amounts and properties of the naphthas, light oils, and heavy oils are also compared. These data show that the nitrogen content, sulfur content, pour point, viscosity, and API gravity of syncrude prepared from in situ crude shale oil are lower than those suggested in... 

Hydrogenation tests made on the 600°-1000°F heavy gas oil from in situ crude shale oil showed that a nickel-molybdenum-on-ahimina catalyst was superior to either cobalt-molybdenum-on-alumina or nickel-tungsten-on-alumina catalysts for removing nitrpgen from shale oil fractions. This nickel-molybdenum-on-alumina catalyst was used in the preparation of the synthetic crude oil. A high yield of premium refinery feedstock whose properties compared favorably with those of a syncrude described by the NPC was attained by hydrogenating the naphtha, light... 

The total yield of diesel fuels was 51.6 volume-percent of the in situ crude. The properties of these fuels fell within the limits (Table V) of those of corresponding petroleum diesel fuels currently marketed in the United States (8) except for the carbon residue of the S-M shale-oil diesel fuel this residue was slightly higher than those of the petroleum diesel fuels but was probably acceptable. The value of 0.36 weight-percent for the carbon residue on the 10-percent bottoms of the S-M fuel was only a... 

Table VI shows the range of properties of grades 1, 2, and 4 burner fuel oils marketed in the United States in 1974 (9). Most of these fuels were also marketed as diesel fuels (JJ,9). The shale-oil types C-B and T-T diesel fuels would, respectively, fit with the grades 1 and 2 burner fuels. The shale-oil S-M diesel fuel would also fit with the grade 2 burner fuels. The shale-oil fuel oil fraction had a distillation range resembling the grade 2 fuels, but its viscosity was intermediate between those of the grade 2 and grade 4 fuels.

Coal Liquids and Shale Oil. Some properties of five coal liquids and a hydrotreated shale oil are given in Table I, including sulfur, nitrogen, acid and base contents, and distributions by boiling range. Ring-number... 

Hydrotreated shale oil has an advantage as a refinery feed. In contrast to most petroleum crude oils, it contains essentially no residuum. Properties of the hydrotreated product from whole shale oil are similar to those of distillate fractions from waxy petroleum Arabian or Sumatran crudes. An exception is the sulfur content which is much lower for hydrotreated shale oil than for most crudes. 

The properties of the 650° F+ fraction of the hydrotreated shale oil also indicate that it will be an appropriate feed to an extinction recycle hydrocracker in situations where jet fuel is a desired product. Supporting pilot plant studies are described elsewhere (1,2,3). 

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