Photodiode array detection

Figure 15.3 Separation of tricyclic antidepressants by using multidimensional LC-LC. Peak identification is as follows DOX, doxepin DES, desipramine NOR, noitryptylene IMI, imipramine AMI, amiti yptyline. Adapted from Journal of Chromatography, 507, J. V. Posluszny et al., Optimization of multidimensional high-performance liquid cliromatography for the deterTnination of drugs in plasma by direct injection, micellar cleanup and photodiode array detection , pp. 267 - 276, copyright 1990, with permission from Elsevier Science.

Watmough, N.J.. Turnbull, D.M., Sherratt. H.S.A. Bartlett. K. (1989). Measurement of the acyl-CoA intermediates of p-oxidation by hplc with on-line radiochemical and photodiode-array detection. Application to the study of [U- C]hexadecanoate by intact rat liver mitochondria. Biochem. J. 262,261-269. 

Hong, V. and Wrolstad, R.E., Use of HPLC separation/photodiode array detection for characterization of anthocyanins, J. Agric. Food Chem., 38, 708, 1990. Osmianski, J. and Lee, C.Y., Isolation and HPLC determination of phenolic compounds in red grapes. Am. J. Enol. Vitic., 41, 204, 1990. 

Muller, H., Determination of the carotenoid content in selected vegetables and fruit by HPLC and photodiode array detection, Z. Lebensm. Enters. Forsch. A, 204, 88, 1997. 

Hong, V. and Wrolstad, R.E., Use of HPLC separation/photodiode array detection for characterization of anthocyanins, J. Agric. Food Chem., 38, 708, 1990. 

Chirinos, R. et al., High-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection (HPLC-DAD)/HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS) profiling of anthocyanins from Andean mashua tubers (Tropaeolum tuberosum Ruiz and Pavon) and their contribution to the overall antioxidant activity, J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 7089, 2006. 

J.K. Strasters, H.A.H. Billiet, L. de Galan.B.G.M. VandeginsteandG. Kateman, Evaluation of peak-recognition techniques in liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. J. Chromatog., 385 (1987) 181-200. 

H.R. Keller and D.L. Massart, Peak purity control in liquid-chromatography with photodiode array detection by fixed size moving window evolving factor analysis. Anal. Chim. Acta, 246 (1991) 379-390. 

M.J.P. Gerritsen, H. Tanis, B.G.M. Vandeginste and G. Kateman, Generalized rank annihilation factor analysis, iterative target transformation factor analysis and residual bilinearization for the quantitative analysis of data from liquid-chromatography with photodiode array detection. Anal. Chem., 64 (1992) 2042-2056. 

F. Cuesta Sanchez, M.S. Khots, D.L. Massart and J.O. De Beer, Algorithm for the assessment of peak purity in liquid chromatography with photodiode-array detection. Anal. Chem., 285 (1994) 181-192,... 

NOTE HPLC detection of test drugs at 200 nm UV. Peak are named for the drugs they represent. Peak identity was discerned by analyzing each dmg individually and observing its retention time and UV spectrum by photodiode array detection between 190 and 360 nm using a Waters Model 990 PDA detector. Retention times are listed in the text. 

FL, Fluorescence UV, ultraviolet PAD, photodiode-array detection. ACN, acetonitrile HCOOH formic acid MeOH methanol. 

Soxhlet extraction followed by liquid chromatography/photodiode-array detection (LC/PAD) is used for the trace determination of propanil and its major metabolite, 3,4-dichloroaniline, in soil. A 10-g soil sample is extracted with methanol in a Soxhlet system for 8 h. After the extracts have been concentrated to dryness, the residue is dissolved in 500 pL of n-hexane. °... 

Bartolome, B., Hernandez, T., Bengoechea, M. L., Quesada, C., Gomez-Cor-doves, C., and Estrella, I., Determination of some structural features of pro-cyanidins and related compounds by photodiode-array detection, /. Chromatogr. A, 723, 19, 1996. 

NMRI Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging PDA Photodiode array (detection)... 

Ishihama, Y. Nakamura, M. Miwa, T. Kajima, T. Asakawa, N., A rapid method forpKa determination of drugs using pressure-assisted capillary electrophoresis with photodiode array detection in drug discovery, j. Pharm. Sci. 91, 933-942 (2002). 

Tarantilis, P. A., G. Tsoupras et al. (1995). Determination of saffron (Crocus sativa L.) components in crude plant extracts using hihg-performance liquid chromatography-UV-visible photodiode array detection-mass spectrometry. J. Chromat. A 699 107-118. 

B. Buchele, T. Simmet, Analysis of 12 different pentacyclic triterpenic acids from frankincense in human plasma hy high performance liquid chromatography and photodiode array detection, Journal of Chromatography B, 795, 355 362 (2003). 

F.L. Liu, C.Y.W. Ang, T.M. Heinze, J.D. Rankin, R.D. Beger, J.P. Freeman and J.O. Lay Jr, Evaluation of major active components in St. John s Wort dietary supplements by high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection and electrospray mass spectrometric confirmation, J. Chromatogr. A, 888, 85 92 (2000). 

Food and plant phenolics are commonly detected using DAD detectors (Tan and others 2008). Photodiode array detection allows collection of the entire UV spectrum during the elution of a chromatographic peak, which makes it possible to identify a phenolic compound by its spectra. Simple phenols, phenolic acids, flavanones, benzophenones, isoflavones, and flavan-3-ols have maximum absorbance at 280 nm, hydroxycinnamic acids at 320 nm, flavonols, flavones, and dihydroflavonols at 365 nm, and anthocyanins at 520 nm (Ibern-G6mez and others 2002 Merken Hand Beecher 2000). Hydrolyzable tannins show a characteristic shoulder at 300 nm, suitable for identifying them (Arapitsas and others 2007). For stilbenes, maximum absorbance of trans-forms are at 306 nm and at 285 nm for cA-forms (Lamuela-Raventos and others 1995). 

Cuyckens F and Claeys M. 2002. Optimization of a liquid chromatography method based on simultaneous electrospray ionization mass spectrometric and ultraviolet photodiode array detection for analysis of flavonoid glycosides. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 16(24) 2341—2348. 

Revilla E and Ryan JM. 2000. Analysis of several phenolic compounds with potential antioxidant properties in grape extracts and wines by high-performance liquid chromatography—photodiode array detection without sample preparation. J Chromatogr 881(1-2) 461 169. 

A study has been carried out on the determination of triazine and carbamate pesticides and metabolities in seawater by HPLC with photodiode-array detection [393]. 

Multiple mass analyzers exist that can perform tandem mass spectrometry. Some use a tandem-in-space configuration, such as the triple quadrupole mass analyzers illustrated (Fig.3.9). Others use a tandem-in-time configuration and include instruments such as ion-traps (ITMS) and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICRMS or FTMS). A triple quadrupole mass spectrometer can only perform the tandem process once for an isolated precursor ion (e.g., MS/MS), but trapping or tandem-in-time instruments can perform repetitive tandem mass spectrometry (MS ), thus adding n 1 degrees of structural characterization and elucidation. When an ion-trap is combined with HPLC and photodiode array detection, the net result is a profiling tool that is a powerful tool for both metabolite profiling and metabolite identification. 

FRASER, P.D., ELISABETE, M., PINTO, S., HOLLOWAY, D.E., BRAMLEY, P.M., Application of high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection to the metabolic profiling of plant isoprenoids, Plant J., 2000, 24, 551-558. 

Micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with photodiode array detection was used for the determination of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in soil [65]. A detection limit of lOpg and linear calibration over five orders were observed. Compared to a standard gas chromatographic analysis method, the miscellar electrokinetic chromatographic method is faster, has a higher mass sensitivity and requires smaller sample sizes. 

Fig. 2.76. Chromatogram for a red wine sample using gradient elution and photodiode array detection. The peaks correspond to 1 = gallic acid, measured at 280 nm 2 = rutin, measured at 360 nm. Reprinted with permission from M. Lopez et al. [193].

Fig. 12.9. Liquid chromatograms (from top) by photodiode array detection, TIC and RIC from ESI-MS and accurate mass measurement of one component. Adapted from Ref. [25] by permission. Elsevier Science, 2001.

Draisci, R., Giannetti, L., Lucentini, L., Palleschi, L., Brambilla, G., Serpe, L. and Gallo P. (1997). Determination of nitrofuran residues in avian eggs by liquid chromatography - UV photodiode array detection and confirmation by liquid... 

Teltes J, Levsen K. 1989. Reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatographic determination with photodiode-array detection of nitroaromatics from former ammunition plants in surface waters. J High Resolut Chromatogr 12 613-619. 

Lambert WE, VanBocxlaer JF, DeLeenheer AP. Potential of high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection in forensic toxicology. Journal of Chromatography B 689, 45-53, 1997. 

George, S. and Maute, A., A photodiode array detection system design, concept and implementation, Chromatographia, 15, 419, 1982. 

Tentative confirmation of suspected liquid chromatographic peaks has been achieved in the analysis of carazolol and seven sedatives in swine kidney, by using photodiode-array detection in the wavelengUi range of 220-320 nm. It was reported (526) that further identification could be made possible if the corresponding fractions of the eluate were submitted off-line to two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. 

The system relies upon preliminary fractionation of the microbial crude extract by dualmode countercurrent chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection (PDA). The ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectra and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) of biologically active peaks are used for identification. Confirmation of compound identity is accomplished by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Use of an integrated system countercurrent chromatography (CCC) separation, PDA detection, and LC-MS rapidly provided profiles and structural information extremely useful for metabolite identification (dereplication, Figure 14.1). 

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