Muscular injury

Tammisto T, Airaksinen M. Increase of creatine kinase activity in serum as sign of muscular injury caused by intermittently administred suxamethonium during halothane anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 1966 38(7) 510-15. 

Aaras, A., Westgaard, R. H., and Stranden, E., Postural Angles as an Indicator of Postural Load and Muscular Injury in Occupational Work Situations, Ergonomics, Vol. 31, 1988, pp. 915-933. 

Without doubt rubber processing and fabrication is energy-intensive, in both mechanical and human terms. Indeed, the scale and power of the machinery involved may themselves make demands on the workforce in terms of the manual effort to supply or load them with material. But the material itself may make special demands by virtue of such characteristics as elasticity and tack. When rubber being tugged suddenly yields to that pull, then muscular injury should not be unexpected. Veys lists the commonest complaints arising from these labours as muscular strains and sprains, tenosynovitis (inflammation around the tendons) and especially back injuries. 

B Risk for Injury related to muscular weakness, rigidity, or spasms due to drug overdose... 

D Risk for Injury related to adverse drug effects (muscular weakness)... 

Sambucus javanica, known as Ch ou ts ao, meaning "stinkweed," is warm and sweet. As a medicine it is employed to reduce swelling. Topically, both varieties are used for bone pain, swellings, muscular spasms and traumatic injuries. 

Musculoskeletal Effects. Muscular rigidity was observed in humans after acute cyanide poisoning (Grandas et al. 1989) and rhabdomyolysis, a clinical syndrome characterized by skeletal muscle injury, was observed in a man who ingested 0.57 mg CNVkg in a suicide attempt (Saincher et al. 1994). 

Aging (skin and other tissues), myocardial infarct or stroke, inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, pulmonary disorders (asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases), radiation injury, organ transplant rejection, psoriasis, hypertension, AIDS, multiple types of cancer, neuro-degenerative diseases (Parkinson s), diabetes, muscular dystrophy... 

Most cases of mercury poisoning led to handicap, chronic disease, or death. The most frequent symptoms include numbness of limbs, lips and tongue, speech abnormalities, limb function disorders, visual acuity disorders, deafness, and muscular atrophy. Insomnia, hyperactivity, and coma have also been reported. Methylmercury penetrates the blood-brain barrier and causes central nervous system injuries. Mercury also has a teratogenic effect, leading to congenital abnormalities or congenital Minamata disease. 

Muscular pain and discomfort in wrist resulting from repetitive strain injury are referred to as work-related myalgia (WRM). A P MRS study in a group of 18 women with WRM showed earlier onset of the rapid phase of pHi decline and log([Pi]/[PCr]) in the WRM group. The data... 

Dosages exceeding 4000 I.U./day may cause varying degrees of toxicity in humans Symptoms include anorexia, nausea, thirst, and diarrhea. There also may be polyuria, muscular weakness, and joint pains. Scrum calcium increases and calcification of soft (issues (arteries, muscle) may commence. Arterial lesions and kidney injury have been noted in rats. 

Skeletal muscle spasms are used to describe the increased tension often seen in skeletal muscle after certain musculoskeletal injuries and inflammation (muscle strains, nerve root impingements, etc.) occur.20,96 This tension is involuntary, so the patient is unable to relax the muscle. Spasms differ from spasticity because spasms typically arise from an orthopedic injury to a musculoskeletal structure or peripheral nerve root rather than an injury to the CNS. Likewise, muscle spasms are often a continuous, tonic contraction of specific muscles rather than the velocity-dependent increase in stretch reflex activity commonly associated with spasticity. The exact reasons for muscle spasms are poorly understood. According to some authorities, muscle spasms occur because a vicious cycle is created when the initial injury causes muscular pain and spasm, which increases afferent nociceptive input to the spinal cord, further exciting the alpha motor neuron to cause more spasms, and so on.61,96 Other experts believe that muscle spasms occur because of a complex protective mechanism, whereby muscular contractions are intended to support an injured vertebral structure or peripheral joint.96 Regardless of the exact reason, tonic contraction of the affected muscle is often quite painful because of the buildup of pain-mediating metabolites (e.g., lactate). 

Since the work of Sibley and Fleisher (S22) made it plain that elevation of serum aldolase activity occurred quite characteristically in other diseases besides myopathy, such as in hemolytic anemia and in acute hepatitis, it would be most useful to know that in muscular dystrophy the increased serum aldolase was indeed derived from the diseased muscle. Direct demonstration of this origin has been provided (D14) by showing that in 5 of 10 patients with muscular dystrophy the femoral venous return had a higher serum aldolase activity than the femoral arterial supply to the diseased muscles of the lower limb. Further strong support is given by the discovery that serum contains two aldolases (S8) with different substrate requirements (H5) whereby colorimetric methods have been devised for the separate assay of each (S5). These are 1,6-diphosphofructoaldolase ( muscle aldolase) and 1-phosphofruc-toaldolase ( liver aldolase). The ratio in mammalian tissues of muscle to liver aldolase activity is 40 in skeletal and cardiac muscle, 12-25 in spleen, lung, and red cells, and only unity in liver and kidney (S6, S7). The serum activities of both are equally elevated in hepatitis, but in muscular dystrophy and in muscle crush injury only that of muscle aldolase is raised (S4, S6) indeed, the ratio of serum activity of muscle to liver aldolase has been reported as about unity in healthy individuals and in patients with virus hepatitis, but as about 26 in a series of 14... 

Disorders of the muscular system can be due to ge-netie, hormonal, infectious, autoimmune, poisonous, or caneerous causes. But the most common problem associated with this system is injury from misuse. Skeletal muscle sprains and tears cause excess blood to seep into the tissue in order to heal it. The remaining scar tissue leads to a slightly shorter muscle. Muscular impairment and cramping can result from a diminished blood supply. Cramping can be due to overexertion. Poor blood supply to the heart muscle causes chest pain called angina pectoris. And inadequate ionic supplies of calcium, sodium, or potassium can adversely effect most muscle cells. 

Neuromyopathies are similar to the dystrophies in that there is both nerve and muscular involvement, but there are also differences between the two categories. Some neuromyopathies start in childhood, while others begin later in life. Neuromyopathies involve more brain and spinal cord damage causes can include infectious diseases, allergic conditions, immunologic problems, and toxic or traumatic injuries. 

They are used during electroconvulsive therapy to prevent injury to the patient due to excessive muscular contraction. 

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