Electroconvulsive during

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is used for severe mania or depression during pregnancy and for mixed episodes prior to treatment, anticonvulsants, lithium, and benzodiazepines should be tapered off to maximize therapy and minimize adverse effects. 

Nalepa I, Kreiner G, Kowalska M, Sanak M, Zelek-Molik A, Vetulani J (2002) Repeated imipramine electroconvulsive shock increase alpha(lA)-adrenoceptor mRNA level in rat prefrontal cortex. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 444 151-159 Nesse RM, Ciu-tis GC, Thyer BA, McCann DS, Huber-Smith MJ, Knopf RF (1985) Endocrine and cardiovascular responses during phobic anxiety. Psychosom Med 47 320-332 Nisenbaiun LK, Zigmund MJ, Sved AF, Abercrombie ED (1991) Prior exposure to chronic stress results in enhanced synthesis and release of hippocampal norepinephrine in response to a novel stressor. J Neurosci 11 1473-1484 Nutt DJ (1989) Altered alpha2-adrenoceptor sensitivity in panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 46 165-169... 

Electroconvulsive therapy, an effective treatment for depression during pregnancy (Eorssman, 1955 Impastato et ah, 1964), should be considered when other... 

Miller, L.J. (1994) Use of electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy. Hosp Community Psychiatry 45 444—450. 

Wisner, K.L. and Perel,J.M. (1988) Psychopharmacologic agents and electroconvulsive therapy during pregnancy and the puerperium. In Cohen, R.L., ed. Psychiatric Consultation in Childbirth Settings. New York Plenum, pp. 165-206. 

Nobler MS, Sackeim HA Augmentation strategies in electroconvulsive therapy a synthesis. Convulsive Therapy 9 331-351, 1993 Nobler MS, Sackeim HA Electroconvulsive therapy clinical and biological aspects, in Prediction of Treatment Response in Mood Disorders. Edited by Goodnick P. Washington, DC, American Psychiatric Press, 1996, pp 177-198 Nobler MS, Sackeim HA, Solomou M, et al EEG manifestations during ECT effects of electrode placement and stimulus intensity. Biol Psychiatry 34 321-330, 1993 Nobler MS, Sackeim HA, Prohovnik 1, et al Regional cerebral blood flow in mood disorders. III treatment and clinical response. Arch Gen Psychiatry 51 884-897, 1994... 

Walker R, Swartz CM. Electroconvulsive therapy during high-risk pregnancy. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 1994 16 348-353. 

Staton RD, Enderle JD, Gerst JW. The electroencephalographic pattern during electroconvulsive therapy. IV. Spectral energy distributions with methohexital, innovar and ketamine anesthesias. Clin Electroencephalogr 1986 17 203-215. 

Petrides G et al Trimethaphan (Arfonad) control of hypertension and tachycardia during electroconvulsive therapy A double-blind study. J Clin Anesth 1996 8 104. [PMID 8695090]... 

Electroconvulsive shock (ECS), as well as ischemia, induces increases in free fatty add (FFA) and diacylglycerol (DAG) in the rat brain, probably due to the breakdown of membrane phospholipids through the activation of phospholipases (PLC, PLAj/A,). EGb treatment (100 mg/kg/day, p.o. for 14 days) selectively decreases endogenous FFA levels and increases endogenous DAG levels in the hippocampus. Therefore, ECS-induced accumulation of FFAis prevented in the hippocampus of EGb-treated rats during clonic seizures (30 sec to 2 min after... 

Prolactin concentrations are very rarely altered during treatment with tricyclic antidepressants, but this is more likely to occur and to produce galactorrhea or amenorrhea with clomipramine and amoxapine and when there are other contributory factors that may stimulate prolactin secretion, such as stress or electroconvulsive therapy (1139). 

Rubin, E. H., Kinscherf, D. A., Figiel, G. S., Zorumski, C. R 1993, The nature and time course of cognitive side effects during electroconvulsive therapy in the elderly, J.Geriatr.Psychiatry Neurol., vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 78-83. 

We believe that L.S.D.-25 is a drug which induces a controllable toxic state within the nervous system, that reactivates anxiety and fear with apparently just enough euphoria to permit recall of the provoking experiences. It does this without the sluggishness or speech difficulties so frequently encountered during I.S.T. [Insulin Shock Therapy] and following E.C.T. [Electroconvulsive Therapy]. 

Therapeutic uses Because of its rapid onset and short duration of action, succinylcholine is useful when rapid endotracheal intubation is required during the induction of anesthesia (a rapid action is essential if aspiration of gastric contents is to be avoided during intubation). It is also employed during electroconvulsive shock treatment. 

Fluoxetine has been associated with seizures, ((3,13) and in overdose (3,14). It has also been shown to lengthen seizure duration during electroconvulsive therapy (SEDA-17, 20). Four patients had suspected seizures during studies (3) and one who took a 3000 mg overdose (3) had unequivocal convulsions but recovered. 

While electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) does not alter serum lithium concentrations, the risk of prolonged confusion after ECT can be increased in the presence of lithium (695). However, there is no universal agreement about this association (696), and there may be circumstances that justify the continuation of lithium during ECT (697,698). 

Lippmann SB, El-Mallakh R. Can electroconvulsive therapy be given during lithium treatment Lithium... 

Hestad KA, Tonsetli S, Stoen CD, Ueland T, Aukrust P (2003) Raised plasma levels of tumor neaosis factor alpha in patients with depression Normalization during electroconvulsive therapy. J Ect 19 183—188. 

More recently, newer medicines have been used to treat bipolar manic depression disorder. Carbamazepine and valproate are two anticonvulsants that have been particularly useful with patients who do not respond to lithium. These medications also have to be monitored for proper dosages. Antidepressants may be necessary during severe depressive episodes but may push a patient into the manic state. In severe cases, hospitalization and even electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be necessary. 

They are used during electroconvulsive therapy to prevent injury to the patient due to excessive muscular contraction. 

When etomidate was given to 12 patients who had seizures of short duration during electroconvulsive therapy conducted previously under propofol anesthesia, mean seizure duration was significantly increased with etomidate anesthesia (12). However, there is no evidence that this observation is associated with an improved psychiatric outcome. 

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