Multipotent stem cells mesenchymal

Herzlinger D, Koseki C, Mikawa T, et al. Me-tanephric mesenchyme contains multipotent stem cells whose fate is restricted after induction. Development 1992 114 565-572. 

Plasticity of HSCs. The hematopoietic tissues such as the bone marrow and peripheral blood have heterogeneous stem cell populations, including hematopoietic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, multipotent adult progenitor cells, and endothelial precursor cells. HSCs have been widely used to study the plasticity of adult stem cells [23]. Stem cell plasticity can be defined as a unique property of tissue-specific adult stem cells. Approximately more than 80% of studies reporting... 

Induced pluripotent stem cells are the adult cells that have been transformed into pluripotent stem cells through programming. Among adult stem cells, Mesenchymal stem cell is widely used as a multipotent source. Mesenchymal stem cell is derived from bone marrow stroma and can differentiate into a variety of cell types in vitro. Other sources of adult stem cells include the amniotic fluid and placental derived stem cells [29, 30]. 

Song, L., Webb, N. E., Song, Y., and Tuan, R. S. 2006. Identification and functional analysis of candidate genes regulating mesenchymal stem cell self-renewal and multipotency. Stem Cells, 24,1707-18. 

The bone marrow is a rich source of multipotent stem cells. For cardiac repair, many investigators use unfractionated bone marrow cells (BMC) which include hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). This strategy provides ease in cell accessibility and does not require extensive manipulation in vitro. HSC are located in the bone marrow and are multipotent stem cells that give rise to several types of cells including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Interestingly, it has been noted that HSC transplanted into murine myocardium may differentiate into cardiomyocytes and blood vessels (Orlic et al., 2003). EPC can be mobilized using cytokines and can be isolated from peripheral blood or bone marrow. Several reports have demonstrated the ability of EPC to revascularize myocardium after an Ml (Kocher et al., 2001). 

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that contribute to the regeneration of mesenchymal tissues such as bone, cartilage, muscle, ligament, tendon, adipose and marrow stroma [394517], [656539]. MSCs represent an important cellular component of the BM microenvironment [656703] and can be easily isolated from the adult BM stroma, where they represent a rare population of the cells (estimated at 0.001 to 0.01% of the nucleated cells, 10-fold less abundant than HSCs) [658632], [658640]. MSCs have also been found in umbilical cord blood, but not peripheral blood [658631]. Once isolated, MSCs can be expanded in culture through many generations, producing billions of MSCs for cellular therapy [656543]. 

Isolation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord blood Lee,... 

Mesenchymal stem cells are another group of adult stem cells that have been suggested as potential donor cells (see Part I, Chapter 13). These cells are accessible from the bone marrow and peripheral blood, allow autologous transplantation, may be multipotent, and can also differentiate into specialized tissues, including possibly cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells. 

Thus, the metanephric mesenchyme contains multipotent progenitors or embryonic renal stem cells with the ability to generate, in concert with the ureteric bud, many cell types in the mature kidney. While the ultimate goal is the identification of a single nephrogenic stem cell that... 

Perhaps the most characterized stem cell is the one residing in the adult bone marrow - that is, the hematopoietic stem cell which gives rise to aU blood cell types [73]. In addition, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent cells that can be isolated from adult bone marrow and be induced in vitro and in vivo to differentiate into a variety of mesenchymal tissues, including bone, cartilage, tendon, fat, bone marrow stroma, and muscle [74]. 

Reyes M, Verfaillie C M (2001). Characterization of multipotent adult progenitor cells, a subpopulation of mesenchymal stem cells. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 938 231-233, discussion 233-235. 

Stem cells, whether derived from embryos, fetuses, or adults, can be simply defined as progeny of cells that are capable of differentiating into different lineages [152], Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts and have the ability to be cultured and maintained in an undifferentiated and pluripotent state, and directed to differentiate into all specific cell types [153,154], A variety of adult stem cells (often referred as progenitor or multipotent cells), including bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), and neutral stem cells (NSCs), have been found more committed but less pluripotent than ESCs. 

The mechanical properties of the capsule must be carefully considered. Not only does the capsule need sufficient strength to resist mechanical failure and rupture but the elasticity of cell substrates have been shown to influence cell behavior. The mechanism by which substrate elasticity influences differentiation of multipotent cells is not clear. A number of recent studies have analyzed this in both two- and three-dimensional (3D) culture systems, - Integrin engagement is thought to be required to transmit the elasticity of the capsule material to the cells inside. Matrix elasticity has been shown to influence the lineage commitment of naive, mesenchymal stem cells. Another important consideration is how the mechanical properties of a capsule impact the transmission of external mechanical forces to the cells. Many cells respond to mechanical loads and this can be necessary for maintenance of phenotype or to guide differentiation. ... 

One of the early sources of adult stem cells to be investigated was bone marrow. A subset of multipotent progenitor cells was found to reside in the bone marrow niche and could be induced to differentiate down specific mesenchymal lineages [94], The bone marrow aspirate is collected from the iliac crest, followed by selection for plastic-adherent cells. 

McMurray RJ, Gadegaard N, Tsimbouri PM, Burgess KV, McNamara LE, Tare R, et al. Nanoscale surfaces for the long-term maintenance of mesenchymal stem cell phenotype and multipotency. Nat Mater 2011 10 637-44. 

McMurray, R.J., Gadegaard, N., Tsimbouri, P.M., Burgess, K.V., McNamara, L.E., Tare, R., Murawski, K., Kingham, E., Oreffo, R.O.C., Dalby, M.J., 2011. Nanoscale surfaces for the long-term maintenance of mesenchymal stem cell phenotype and multipotency. Nat. Mater. 10, 637-644. 

Noteworthy is that the use of both natural and synthetic hydrogels has been proposed to allocate cells (eg, stem cells), providing scaffolds able to control their delivery in living tissues. Stem cells are mainly chosen between promising multipotent cells (mesenchymal and neural stem cells) (Rauch et ah, 2009 Hejcl et ah, 2010 Home et ah, 2010) or pluripotent cells (embryonic stem cells) (Rauch et ah, 2008) that are... 

Finally we note the emerging role of disorder and symmetry in controlling cell behavior and, most importantly, cell differentiation and function. Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent cells that, upon selective differentiation... 

Belema-Bedada, R, Uchida, S., Martire, A., Kostin, S., and Braim, T. 2008. Efficient homing of multipotent adult mesenchymal stem cells depends on FROUNT-mediated clustering of CCR2. Cell Stem Cell, 2, 566-75. 

De Bari, C., Dell accio, F., Tylzanowski, R, and Luyten, F. P. 2001. Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from adult human synovial membrane. Arthritis Rheum, 44,1928-42. 

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