Blood cells types

GSH-S deficiency is a more frequent cause of GSH deficiency (HI7), and more than 20 families with this enzyme deficiency have been reported since the first report by Oort et al. (05). There are two distinct types of GSH-S deficiency with different clinical pictures. In the red blood cell type, the enzyme defect is limited to red blood cells and the only clinical presentation is mild hemolysis. In the generalized type, the deficiency is also found in tissues other than red blood cells, and the patients show not only chronic hemolytic anemia but also metabolic acidosis with marked 5-oxoprolinuria and neurologic manifestations including mental retardation. The precise mechanism of these two different phenotypes remains to be elucidated, because the existence of tissue-specific isozymes is not clear. Seven mutations at the GSH-S locus on six alleles—four missense mutations, two deletions, and one splice site mutation—have been identified (S14). 

Hereditary methemoglobinemia is classified into three types a red blood cell type (type I), a generalized type (type II), and a blood cell type (type HI). Enzyme deficiency of type I is limited to red blood cells, and these patients show only the diffuse, persistent, slate-gray cyanosis not associated with cardiac or pulmonary disease. In type II, the enzyme deficiency occurs in all cells, and patients of this type have a severe neurological disorder with mental retardation that predisposes them to early death. Patients with type III show symptoms similar to those of patients with type I. The precise nature of type III is not clear, but decreased enzyme activity is observed in all cells (M9). It is considered that uncomplicated hereditary methemoglobinemia without neurological involvement arises from a defect limited to the soluble cytochrome b5 reductase and that a combined deficiency of both the cytosolic and the microsomal cytochrome b5 reductase occurs in subjects with mental retardation. Up to now, three missense mutations in type I and three missense mutations, two nonsense mutations, two in-frame 3-bp deletions, and one splicing mutation in type n have been identified (M3, M8, M31). 

Figure 8.B1 The range of white blood cell types...

Several CSF preparations have gained regulatory approval (Table 10.2). G-CSF and GM-CSF have proven useful in the treatment of neutropenia. All three CSF types are (or are likely to be) useful also in the treatment of infectious diseases, some forms of cancer and the management of bone marrow transplants, as they stimulate the differentiation/activation of white blood cell types most affected by such conditions. 

Figure 2.1. Development of blood cells. The development of blood cells occurs in the bone marrow. All cells arise from the differentiation of pluripotent or multipotent stem cells, which have the capacity for self-renewal, or else can divide into more mature cells types. The morphological features of the mature blood cell types is shown.

Red blood cells—Type of blood cell filled with the red protein hemoglobin that carries oxygen to tissues. 

The IL-3 receptor is found on a wide range of haematopoietic progenitor cells (see Chapter 6). They are also present on monocytes and B lymphocytes. Its major biological activity relates to stimulation of growth of various cell types derived from bone marrow cells and which represent the immature precursors to all blood cells (Chapter 6). IL-3 thus appears to play a central role in stimulating the eventual formation of various blood cell types, in particular monocytes, mast cells, neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils, from immature precursor cells in the bone marrow. Several other cytokines (including IL-2, -4, -5, -6, -7, -11, -15 and CSFs) also play important costimulatory roles in the maturation of the range of blood cells. 

Its growth and differentiation-inducing effects on early haematopoietic progenitor cells forms the basis of clinical interest in IL-3. Its administration to healthy patients results in increased blood leukocyte counts, although the concentration of all white blood cell types is not equally increased. 

Since the PC group is a polar head of a major lipid component of the cell membrane of red blood cell which is the only nonadherent cell among various blood cell types, a biomimetic approach to incorporating the PC group on the surface at the terminal end of water-soluble graft polymers has been... 

While the production of active blood cell types occurs predominantly in the bone marrow, the spleen, lymph nodes, and... 

AUTOMATED INSTRUMENTATION HEMATOLOGY. Hematology analyzers provide information about blood cells and their constituents. The three basic blood cell types are erythrocytes or red blood cells, leukocytes or white blood cells, and thrombocytes or platelets. Hemoglobin is die principal nonaqueous component of red blood cells. Its physiological importance gives it the status of a primary hematological constituent. 

Examples of basophilic cell components are DNA and RNA the latter includes messenger RNA (Chap. 7) and ribosomes. The youngest red blood cells in the blood circulation contain a basophilic reticulum (network) in their cytoplasm this is composed of messenger and ribosomal RNA. The network slowly dissolves over the first 24 hours of the cell s life in the circulation. This readily identifiable red blood cell type is called the reticulocyte. 

Identification of different blood cell types is normally carried out using light (optical) microscopy. Blood cells are collected and are either fixed or spread alive on glass slides and then examined microscopically. Many types of blood cells have been identified, and relative numbers and types of cells have been found to differ among tunicate species. Tunicate blood cells are fragile and readily change appearance. It is possible that some commonly accepted blood cell types may actually be artifactual. 

Fig. 4. Frequently cited ascidian blood cell types. The middle column refers to staining properties of each type of cell with the two reagents osmium tetroxide and the pH indicator neutral red. Free tunichrome would reduce osmium tetroxide, as would lower oxidation states of vanadium.

Figure 6-12 Cytokine-mediated cascade leading to different blood cell types. PO. erythropoietin G-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor GM-CSF, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor IL-K Interleukins M

CXCR4 is widely expressed in different blood cell types including B-cells, T-cells, and monocytes (seeTable 4.1). In addition, expression of this receptor has been described in non-immune cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells (307). SDF-la was originally isolated from bone marrow stroma and it has been shown that it supports the proliferation on B-cell progenitors (310). Subsequent studies demonstrate that SDF-la is also a potent chemoattractant for lymphocytes and monocytes. Unlike other chemokines, SDF-la is constitu-tively expressed and is not regulated by proin-flammatory cytokines (307,311). 

Molema G, Meijer DKF. Targeting of drags to various blood cell types using (neo)glycoproteins, antibodies and other protein carriers. Adv Drag Deliv Rev 1994 14 25-50. 

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is an acquired hemolytic anemia resulting from a somatic mutation in a multipotent hemopoietic stem cell (reviewed in refs. [115,116]). The abnormal stem cells produce subpopulations of blood cell types that lack all GPI-anchored proteins. The absence of decay-accelerating factor (DAF) and... 

By 1935 a technologist could perform a complete blood count (CBC) consisting of WBC in 103/ J,L, RBC in 10 / LL, HGB in g/dL, HCT in %, MCV in fL (10-15 L), MCH in pg, MCHC in g/dL, and PLT in 103/pL and a complete white blood cell differential count, consisting of all white blood cell types, ie, the five normal types plus any other cells not normally found in peripheral blood. 

Perhaps the most characterized stem cell is the one residing in the adult bone marrow - that is, the hematopoietic stem cell which gives rise to aU blood cell types [73]. In addition, mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent cells that can be isolated from adult bone marrow and be induced in vitro and in vivo to differentiate into a variety of mesenchymal tissues, including bone, cartilage, tendon, fat, bone marrow stroma, and muscle [74]. 

Bone marrow was harvested from adult male mice and then transplanted into Isogeneic female recipient mice that had been treated with a level of irradiation sufficient to destroy their own hematopoetic stem cells (see the figure). Although the dose of irradiation given was lethal to mice that did not receive a transplant, the majority of the recipient mice receiving the transplant survived. After 4 weeks, peripheral blood from the recipient mice was analyzed. The composition of the blood was normal with respect to all blood cell types. Every blood cell examined was determined to be positive for the presence of the Y chromosome. 

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